| 词条 | Newstead Helmet |
| 释义 |
|name = Newstead Helmet |image = |image_caption = The Newstead Helmet |material = Iron |size = |writing = |created = Roman, 80–100 AD |place = Newstead, Roxburghshire |location = National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh |id = |registration = X.FRA 121 }}{{coord|55.602|N|2.685|W|display=title|region:GB_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} The Newstead Helmet is an iron Roman cavalry helmet dating to 80–100 AD that was discovered at the site of a Roman fort in Newstead, near Melrose in Roxburghshire, Scotland in 1905. It is now part of the Newstead Collection at the National Museum in Edinburgh.[1] The helmet would have been worn by auxiliary cavalrymen in cavalry displays known as hippika gymnasia. Its discoverer, Sir James Curle (1862–1944), described the helmet as "one of the most beautiful things that the receding tide of Roman conquest has left behind".[2] DiscoveryThe helmet was discovered during excavations by James Curle during 1905 at the Roman fort of Trimontium, which is located near the triple peak of Eildon Hill at Newstead, after which the fort is named (Trimontium meaning "three hills"). During excavations between February 1905 and September 1910, Curle discovered a large number of Roman military artefacts at the fort, including items of Roman armour, horse harnesses, saddle plates, and several ornate bronze and iron cavalry helmets for parade use.[3] Only one helmet, found in 1905, is largely complete and preserves the face mask, and is known as the "Newstead Helmet". This helmet was discovered in a pit dating to the Flavian period (69–96) in the south annexe of the fort.[4] DescriptionThe helmet is in two pieces, comprising a head-piece and a face mask, both of which are made of beaten iron. Prior to its discovery the helmet had been squashed by heavy stones, resulting in serious damage to parts of the helmet, including the destruction of most of the upper portion above the forehead, and the breaking in two of the mask.[2] There is a rim at the back of the headpiece by the neck, to which is attached a thin bronze plate with an embossed chevron pattern, but this decoration is not as fine as elsewhere on the helmet.[2] There are traces of silver or tin plating on the outer surface, and remnants of a woollen lining on the inner surface.[1] The mask shows the face of a youth with curly hair held in a laurel wreath, which suggests a Celtic influence.[4] On the left side of the head-piece is attached a tube that would have held ornamental plumes, as described by Arrian of Nicomedia:[5]
Other helmetsTwo other helmets were discovered in the same pit (Pit XXII) as the iron helmet with a face mask described above, and a bronze visor-mask was found in a pit in the bath buildings:
References1. ^1 {{Cite web | title=Parade helmet and face mask | url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-036-815-C&scache=6r7o44xpxl&searchdb=scran | publisher=National Museums Scotland | accessdate=2010-09-14 }} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite book | last=Curle | first=James | title=A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose | publisher=Maclehose and Sons | date=1911 | url=http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/pdf.htm | pages=168–170 }} 3. ^{{Cite web | title=Newstead | url=http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/56/Newstead.htm | publisher=SCRAN/RCAHMS | accessdate=210-09-14 }} 4. ^1 {{Cite book | last=Henig | first=Martin | title=The Art of Roman Britain | publisher=Routledge | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-415-15136-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g41AY5HK358C | page=55 }} 5. ^1 {{Cite book | last1=Dixon | first1=Karen R. | last2=Southern | first2=Pat | title=The Roman Cavalry: from the first to the third century AD | publisher=Routledge | date=1997 | isbn=978-0-415-17039-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJDcYpgd8VoC& | page=128 }} 6. ^{{Cite book | last=Curle | first=James | title=A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose | publisher=Maclehose and Sons | date=1911 | url=http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/pdf.htm | pages=166–168 }} 7. ^{{Cite book | last=Curle | first=James | title=A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose | publisher=Maclehose and Sons | date=1911 | url=http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/pdf.htm | pages=164–166 }} 8. ^{{Cite book | last=Curle | first=James | title=A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose | publisher=Maclehose and Sons | date=1911 | url=http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/pdf.htm | pages=170–171 }} External links
5 : Ancient Roman helmets|Roman Britain|Collections of the National Museums of Scotland|Scotland in the Roman era|Individual helmets |
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