“1891 Atlantic hurricane season”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1891 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the early winter of 1891. The season had ten tropical cyclones, seven of which became hurricanes including one which became a major Category 3 hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.^[1] The tracks of four of the ten known 1891 Atlantic cyclones were revised in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas.^[2] Following re-analysis in 2003, two storms previously considered distinct are now regarded as a single system, Tropical Storm 8. A number of other storms from 1891 were considered for inclusion in the Atlantic hurrice database, HURDAT, but are currently excluded due to a lack of evidence of tropical storm intensity.^[3]

Timeline

Systems

Hurricane One

A tropical storm formed in Gulf of Mexico northwest of Campeche on July 3. By the evening of July 6 it was approaching the coastline of Texas and had become a Category 1 hurricane. It made landfall just west of Galveston and quickly weakened to a tropical storm. It dissipated near the Alabama-Tennessee state line two days later after further weakening to a tropical depression.^[4] Sections of Galveston were flooded by a storm surge.^[4] At Baton Rouge, tornados related to the hurricane demolished a hundred homes and caused two floors of the state penitentiary to collapse killing ten prisoners.^[2]

Hurricane Two

A tropical storm formed south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 17 and travelled on a northwesterly path before dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on August 29 without making a landfall. For the majority of this period it is believed to have been a minimal Category 1 hurricane based on readings taken at Bermuda, which it passed on August 27, the capsizing of a steamer, the Dunsmurry on August 29 and observations from another ship, La Touraine, which ran into the rough seas left in the hurricane's wake on August 30 and 31st.^[2]

Hurricane Three

A Category 2 hurricane with winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was first seen at mid-day on August 18 about {{convert|100|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of Barbados. The hurricane tracked northwestward at {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and grew to a major Category 3 hurricane. That night, the hurricane passed over Martinique, lashing the island for four hours. The hurricane killed more than 700 people alone in Martinique. After reaching its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|125|mph|km/h}} and a minimum central pressure of 961 mb, the storm began to weaken, becoming a Category 2 storm early on August 20. That evening it passed to the south of Puerto Rico. Sustained winds were measured at 100-105 mph. As it began to turn northward, it made landfall on the extreme eastern edge of the Dominican Republic with winds of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Around midnight on August 21, the cyclone passed north of Grand Turk. During the late afternoon and into the evening hours there, frequent rain squalls occurred, and at 10:15 pm a strong gust of wind was reported. After that gust, the winds decreased in intensity, until around midnight when winds picked up from the west. By 8:00 am the next morning, the wind was blowing southerly, and steady rain was falling on the island.^[2]

The hurricane continued to weaken whilst traveling northeastward through the Bahamas on August 22. The center of the storm passed directly over Crooked Island, Bahamas. From August 23, a ridge of high pressure situated off the southeast coast of the United States prevented the, now Category 1, storm recurving to the north. Instead, it passed over the Florida Peninsula as a tropical storm, making landfall near Homestead on August 24. Subsequently, it moved into the Gulf of Mexico, where it dissipated on August 25.^[5]

On Martinique, the storm destroyed houses, crops and trees across the entire island. Fifty boats in harbours around Martinque were damaged or destroyed. At Ducos, only four homes remained following the storm, and at St. Pierre, at least 34 people lost their lives. At Fort de France, twenty people were killed. A military camp at Balata was destroyed, with a number of soldiers there sustaining injuries from airborne debris.^[6] In total, the death toll from this hurricane was put at 700.^[7] In South Florida, the cyclone also produced hurricane-force winds that blew boats ashore near present-day Cutler.^[8]

Hurricane Four

On September 2 a tropical storm formed northeast of the Leeward Islands. It began moving northwestward and reached category 2 hurricane strength by September 4. By September 7 the cyclone was off the coast of New England and was bringing heavy rain to that area. When the hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia and then Newfoundland on September 8 it destroyed a number of small vessels^[2] but then quickly weakened and dissipated north of Newfoundland in the Labrador Sea on September 10.^[5]

Hurricane Five

A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 19°N 47°W on September 16, before developing into a Category 2 hurricane on September 20. This hurricane never made landfall but did pass within 100 km of Bermuda on the night of September 21. A ship was reported wrecked on the coast of the island that night.^[2] The hurricane became an extratropical storm on September 26 in the mid-Atlantic off Nova Scotia.^[5]

Hurricane Six

A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 21°N 54°W on September 29. It moved northwestward becoming first a Category 1 hurricane then, October 3 a Category 2 hurricane. At this strength it paseed to the south, then to the west, of Bermuda on October 4. It quickly weakened as it continued heading north and was already an extratropical storm when it made landfall in Nova Scotia on October 6. It also affected Newfoundland before dissipating in the Labrador Sea on October 8.^[5]

Tropical Storm Seven

A moderate tropical storm formed in the Caribbean Sea south of Jamaica on October 4 and passed to the west of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands before striking the Isla de la Juventud and Cuba on October 6. The next day it passed across southern Florida before travelling northeastward off the east coast of the United States and then decaying in the open Atlantic on October 8. Some vessels were driven ashore on the coast of Cuba and two people drowned in flooding on the island.^[2]

Tropical Storm Eight

A tropical depression formed north of Honduras on October 7 and strengthened into a tropical storm the next day. On October 9 it passed across Cuba and quickly weakened to become an extratropical storm. As an extratropical storm it made landfalls in Florida on October 10 and, five days later, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where it dissipated.^[5]

Hurricane Nine

A tropical storm formed north of Grenada on October 12, and made landfalls on Saint Croix and the main Virgin Islands on October 14.The system strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane as it proceeded north. The storm centre passed west of Bermuda on October 18 at that strength but weakened to a tropical storm just before affecting the southern tip of Newfoundland on October 20.^[5]

Tropical Storm Ten

On November 3 a tropical storm formed northeast of present-day Nassau, Bahamas. It treked north, passing east of Bermuda on November 5. The storm never made a landfall before dissipating in the open Atlantic off Nova Scotia on November 6.^[5]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future |chapter=The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database |last=Landsea |first=C. W.|editor=Murname, R. J. |editor2=Liu, K.-B. |year=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12388-4 |pages=177–221 }}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|last1=Fernández-Partagás|first1=José|last2=Diaz|first2=Henry F.|title=A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources Part IV: 1891-1890|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/part4.htm |publisher=Climate Diagnostics Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|location=Boulder, Colorado|year=1997|accessdate=21 August 2013}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2008|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=2011-03-14|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1856_2}}
4. ^{{cite web|author=David Roth|publisher=National Weather Service|date=2010-02-04|title=Texas Hurricane History|accessdate=2011-06-22|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf|format=PDF}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2012.html|author=Hurricane Research Division|title=Easy to Read HURDAT|year=2012|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=October 23, 2012}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Fearful work of a storm|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/08/21/103329219.pdf | format=PDF | date=August 21, 1891}}
7. ^{{cite web|author1=Edward N. Rappaport |author2=Jose Fernandez-Partagas |lastauthoramp=yes |title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths|publisher=National Hurricane Center|year=1996|accessdate=2011-03-14|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Taylor|1985|p=7}}