| 词条 | List of Prime Ministers of Canada | |||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But, if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1] The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867, to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2] The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[2] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.[2] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[2] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[2] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day".[2] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[3] Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), and John Thompson (1892–1894). All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement. Prime ministers{{further|Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada|List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office}}
|name = John A. Macdonald |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 1 |image = Sir John A Macdonald circa 1878 retouched.jpg |birth_year = 1815 |death_year = 1891 |party = Liberal-Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |riding = Kingston, ON |ministry = 1st |start_date = 1 July |start_year = 1867 |end_date = 5 November |end_year = 1873 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = establishment |event1_year = 1867 |event1_assembly = none |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1867 |event2_assembly = 1st |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1872 |event3_assembly = 2nd |event3_note = |references =[4] [5] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Alexander Mackenzie |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 2 |image = Alexander McKenzie3.jpg |birth_year = 1822 |death_year = 1892 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1873 |riding = Lambton, ON |ministry = 2nd |start_date = 7 November |start_year = 1873 |end_date = 8 October |end_year = 1878 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_assembly = 2nd |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event2 = election |event2_year = 1874 |event2_assembly = 3rd |event2_note = |references =[6] [7] |accomplishments = Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = John A. Macdonald |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = (1) |image = Sir John A Macdonald circa 1878 retouched.jpg |birth_year = 1815 |death_year = 1891 |party = Liberal-Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |riding = Victoria, BC until 1882 |riding2 = Carleton, ON until 1887 |riding3 = Kingston, ON |ministry = 3rd |start_date = 17 October |start_year = 1878 |end_date = 6 June |end_year = 1891 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1878 |event1_assembly = 4th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1882 |event2_assembly = 5th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1887 |event3_assembly = 6th |event3_note = |event4 = election |event4_year = 1891 |event4_assembly = 7th |event4_note = |references =[8] [9] |accomplishments = National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke). }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = John Abbott |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 3 |image = Johnabbott.jpg |birth_year = 1821 |death_year = 1893 |party = Liberal-Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |member_title = Senator |riding = Quebec |ministry = 4th |start_date = 16 June |start_year = 1891 |end_date = 24 November |end_year = 1892 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1891 |event1_assembly = 7th |event1_note = |references =[10] [11] |accomplishments = Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = John Thompson |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 4 |image = John Thompson.jpg |birth_year = 1845 |death_year = 1894 |party = Liberal-Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |riding = Antigonish, NS |ministry = 5th |start_date = 5 December |start_year = 1892 |end_date = 12 December |end_year = 1894 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1892 |event1_assembly = 7th |event1_note = |references =[12] [13] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack). }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Mackenzie Bowell |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 5 |image = SirMackenzieBowell.jpg |birth_year = 1823 |death_year = 1917 |party = Conservative Party (historical) |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |member_title = Senator |riding = Ontario |ministry = 6th |start_date = 21 December |start_year = 1894 |end_date = 27 April |end_year = 1896 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1894 |event1_assembly = 7th |event1_note = |references =[14] [15] |accomplishments = Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Charles Tupper |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 6 |image = Chas Tupper - GG Bain.jpg |birth_year = 1821 |death_year = 1915 |party = Conservative Party (historical) |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |riding = |riding_alt = Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister |ministry = 7th |start_date = 1 May |start_year = 1896 |end_date = 8 July |end_year = 1896 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1896 |event1_assembly = none |event1_note = |references =[16] [17] |accomplishments = Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Wilfrid Laurier |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 7 |image = The Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier Photo C (HS85-10-16873) - medium crop.jpg |birth_year = 1841 |death_year = 1919 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1887 |riding = Quebec East, QC |ministry = 8th |start_date = 11 July |start_year = 1896 |end_date = 6 October |end_year = 1911 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1896 |event1_assembly = 8th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1900 |event2_assembly = 9th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1904 |event3_assembly = 10th |event3_note = |event4 = election |event4_year = 1908 |event4_assembly = 11th |event4_note = |references =[18] [19] |accomplishments = Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Robert Borden |title = Sir |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 8 |image = Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png |birth_year = 1854 |death_year = 1937 |party = Conservative Party (historical) |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = 1901 |riding = Halifax, NS until 1917 |riding2 = Kings, NS |ministry = 9th |start_date = 10 October |start_year = 1911 |end_date = 11 October |end_year = 1917 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1911 |event1_assembly = 12th |2nd_party = Unionist Party |2nd_ministry = 10th |2nd_start_date = 12 October |2nd_start_year = 1917 |2nd_end_date = 10 July |2nd_end_year = 1920 |2nd_event1 = election |2nd_event1_year = 1917 |2nd_event1_assembly = 13th |references =[19] [20] [21] |accomplishments = First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Arthur Meighen |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 9 |image = Arthur Meighen-.jpg |birth_year = 1874 |death_year = 1960 |party = National Liberal and Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = 1920 |riding = Portage la Prairie, MB |ministry = 11th |start_date = 10 July |start_year = 1920 |end_date = 29 December |end_year = 1921 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_assembly = 13th |references =[22] [23] |accomplishments = Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendent Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = William Lyon Mackenzie King |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 10 |image = Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg |birth_year = 1874 |death_year = 1950 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1919 |riding = York North, ON until 1925 |riding2 = Prince Albert, SK |ministry = 12th |start_date = 29 December |start_year = 1921 |end_date = 28 June |end_year = 1926 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1921 |event1_assembly = 14th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1925 |event2_assembly = 15th |event2_note = {{ref_label|lost_seat|LS}} {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[24] [25] |accomplishments = Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Arthur Meighen |jurisdiction = Canada |number = (9) |image = Arthur Meighen-.jpg |birth_year = 1874 |death_year = 1960 |party = Conservative Party (historical) |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = |riding = Portage la Prairie, MB |ministry = 13th |start_date = 29 June |start_year = 1926 |end_date = 25 September |end_year = 1926 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1926 |event1_assembly = 15th |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[22] [26] |accomplishments = Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = William Lyon Mackenzie King |jurisdiction = Canada |number = (10) |image = Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg |birth_year = 1874 |death_year = 1950 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = |riding = Prince Albert, SK |ministry = 14th |start_date = 25 September |start_year = 1926 |end_date = 7 August |end_year = 1930 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1926 |event1_assembly = 16th |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[24] [27] |accomplishments = Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = R. B. Bennett |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 11 |image = Richard Bedford Bennett.jpg |birth_year = 1870 |death_year = 1947 |party = Conservative Party (historical) |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative (historical)}} |leadership = 1927 |riding = Calgary West, AB |ministry = 15th |start_date = 7 August |start_year = 1930 |end_date = 23 October |end_year = 1935 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1930 |event1_assembly = 17th |event1_note = |references =[28] [29] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = William Lyon Mackenzie King |jurisdiction = Canada |number = (10) |image = Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg |birth_year = 1874 |death_year = 1950 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = |riding = Prince Albert, SK until 1945 |riding2 = Glengarry, ON |ministry = 16th |start_date = 23 October |start_year = 1935 |end_date = 15 November |end_year = 1948 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1935 |event1_assembly = 18th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1940 |event2_assembly = 19th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1945 |event3_assembly = 20th |event3_note = {{ref_label|lost_seat|LS}} |references =[24] [30] |accomplishments = Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.}}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Louis St. Laurent |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 12 |image = Louisstlaurent.jpg |birth_year = 1882 |death_year = 1973 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1948 |riding = Quebec East, QC |ministry = 17th |start_date = 15 November |start_year = 1948 |end_date = 21 June |end_year = 1957 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1948 |event1_assembly = 20th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1949 |event2_assembly = 21st |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1953 |event3_assembly = 22nd |event3_note = |references =[31] [32] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = John Diefenbaker |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 13 |image = John G. Diefenbaker.jpg |birth_year = 1895 |death_year = 1979 |party = Progressive Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|PC}} |leadership = 1956 |riding = Prince Albert, SK |ministry = 18th |start_date = 21 June |start_year = 1957 |end_date = 22 April |end_year = 1963 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1957 |event1_assembly = 23rd |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event2 = election |event2_year = 1958 |event2_assembly = 24th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1962 |event3_assembly = 25th |event3_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[33] [34] |accomplishments = Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Lester B. Pearson |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 14 |image = Lester B. Pearson 1957.jpg |birth_year = 1897 |death_year = 1972 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1958 |riding = Algoma East, ON |ministry = 19th |start_date = 22 April |start_year = 1963 |end_date = 20 April |end_year = 1968 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1963 |event1_assembly = 26th |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event2 = election |event2_year = 1965 |event2_assembly = 27th |event2_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[35] [36] |accomplishments = Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Pierre Trudeau |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 15 |image = Pierre Trudeau (1975).jpg |birth_year = 1919 |death_year = 2000 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1968 |riding = Mount Royal, QC |ministry = 20th |start_date = 20 April |start_year = 1968 |end_date = 3/4 June{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1979 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1968 |event1_assembly = 27th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1968 |event2_assembly = 28th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 1972 |event3_assembly = 29th |event3_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event4 = election |event4_year = 1974 |event4_assembly = 30th |event4_note = |references =[37] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Metrication of Canada, Creation of Via Rail. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Joe Clark |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 16 |image = JoeClark.jpg |birth_year = 1939 |death_year = |party = Progressive Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|PC}} |leadership = 1976 |riding = Yellowhead, AB |ministry = 21st |start_date = 4 June |start_year = 1979 |end_date = 2/3 March{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1980 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1979 |event1_assembly = 31st |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[38] |accomplishments = Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Pierre Trudeau |jurisdiction = Canada |number = (15) |image = Pierre Elliot Trudeau-2.jpg |birth_year = 1919 |death_year = 2000 |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = |riding = Mount Royal, QC |ministry = 22nd |start_date = 3 March |start_year = 1980 |end_date = 29/30 June{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1984 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1980 |event1_assembly = 32nd |event1_note = |references =[37] |accomplishments = Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = John Turner |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 17 |image = John Turner by Gage Skidmore.jpg |birth_year = 1929 |death_year = |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1984 |riding_alt = Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister |ministry = 23rd |start_date = 30 June |start_year = 1984 |end_date = 16/17 September{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1984 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1984 |event1_assembly = 32nd |event1_note = |references =[39] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Brian Mulroney |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 18 |image = Mulroney.jpg |birth_year = 1939 |death_year = |party = Progressive Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|PC}} |leadership = 1983 |riding = Manicouagan, QC until 1988 |riding2 = Charlevoix, QC |ministry = 24th |start_date = 17 September |start_year = 1984 |end_date = 24/25 June{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1993 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1984 |event1_assembly = 33rd |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1988 |event2_assembly = 34th |event2_note = |references =[40] |accomplishments = Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Kim Campbell |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 19 |image = KimCampbell.jpg |birth_year = 1947 |death_year = |party = Progressive Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|PC}} |leadership = 1993 |riding = Vancouver Centre, BC |ministry = 25th |start_date = 25 June |start_year = 1993 |end_date = 3/4 November{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 1993 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 1993 |event1_assembly = 34th |event1_note = |references =[41] |accomplishments = Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Jean Chrétien |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 20 |image = Chrétien crop Sept 9 2002.jpg |birth_year = 1934 |death_year = |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 1990 |riding = Saint-Maurice, QC |ministry = 26th |start_date = 4 November |start_year = 1993 |end_date = 11/12 December{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 2003 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 1993 |event1_assembly = 35th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 1997 |event2_assembly = 36th |event2_note = |event3 = election |event3_year = 2000 |event3_assembly = 37th |event3_note = |references =[42] |accomplishments = Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Paul Martin |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 21 |image = Paul martin 2004.jpg |birth_year = 1938 |death_year = |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 2003 |riding = LaSalle—Émard, QC |ministry = 27th |start_date = 12 December |start_year = 2003 |end_date = 5/6 February{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 2006 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = appointment |event1_year = 2003 |event1_assembly = 37th |event1_note = |event2 = election |event2_year = 2004 |event2_assembly = 38th |event2_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |references =[40] |accomplishments = Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable. }}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Stephen Harper |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 22 |image = Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger.jpg |birth_year = 1959 |death_year = |party = Conservative Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour/Temporary|CA|Conservative}} |leadership = 2004 |riding = Calgary Southwest, AB |ministry = 28th |start_date = 6 February |start_year = 2006 |end_date = 3/4 November{{ref_label|interpretation_act|*}} |end_year = 2015 |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 2006 |event1_assembly = 39th |event1_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event2 = election |event2_year = 2008 |event2_assembly = 40th |event2_note = {{ref_label|minority|Min.}} |event3 = election |event3_year = 2011 |event3_assembly = 41st |event3_note = |references = [43] |accomplishments = Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.}}{{Canadian first minister list |name = Justin Trudeau |jurisdiction = Canada |number = 23 |image = Justin Trudeau in Lima, Peru - 2018 (41507133581) (cropped).jpg |birth_year = 1971 |death_year = |party = Liberal Party |colour = {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal}} |leadership = 2013 |riding = Papineau, QC |ministry = 29th |start_date = 4 November |start_year = 2015 |end_date = Incumbent |end_year = |assembly_type = Canadian Parliament |assembly_short = Parl't |event1 = election |event1_year = 2015 |event1_assembly = 42nd |event1_note = |references = [44] |accomplishments = Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; Senate Liberal Caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations; Apologies for Komagata Maru incident and Fruit machine (homosexuality test); Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement; Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; Cannabis Act; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement; SNC-Lavalin affair. }}{{Canadian first minister list/bottom|colspan=9|notes= {{note_label|minority|Min.}} Minority government {{note_label|lost_seat|LS}} Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat {{note_label|interpretation_act|*}} The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to P. Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]}} Timeline{{further|Lifespan timeline of Prime Ministers of Canada}}{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:40 right:130 left:10 AlignBars = late DateFormat = x.y Period = from:1867 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/12}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1867 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1870 Define $now = {{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/12}} Colors = id:blank value:white id:conser value:blue id:histcon value:rgb(0.5977,0.5977,1) id:lib value:rgb(0.9375,0.5,0.5) id:crown value:rgb(0.99,0.80,0) id:viceroy value:tan1 BarData = barset:MonarchsLine barset:Monarchs #barset:blankline barset:Prime_MinistersLine barset:Prime_Ministers PlotData= barset:MonarchsLine from:1875 till:end text:Monarchs barset:Prime_MinistersLine from:1878 till:end text:Prime_Ministers from:1878.79 till:1891.42 color:histcon text:"John A. Macdonald" from:1873.96 till:1878.79 color:lib text:"Alexander Mackenzie" from:1891.43 till:1892.87 color:histcon text:"John Abbott" from:1892.93 till:1894.94 color:histcon text:"John Thompson" from:1894.95 till:1896.29 color:histcon text:"Mackenzie Bowell" from:1896.30 till:1896.52 color:histcon text:"Charles Tupper" from:1896.53 till:1911.76 color:lib text:"Wilfrid Laurier" from:1911.76 till:1920.51 color:histcon text:"Robert Bordon" from:1926.49 till:1926.73 color:histcon text:"Arthur Meighen" from:1935.81 till:1948.87 color:lib text:"William Lyon Mackenzie King" from:1930.60 till:1935.81 color:histcon text:"R. B. Bennett" from:1948.87 till:1957.47 color:lib text:"Louis St. Laurent" from:1957.48 till:1963.11 color:histcon text:"John Diefenbaker" from:1963.11 till:1968.11 color:lib text:"Lester B. Pearson" from:1980.11 till:1984.49 color:lib text:"Pierre Trudeau" from:1979.44 till:1980.09 color:histcon text:"Joe Clark" from:1984.49 till:1984.78 color:lib text:"John Turner" from:1984.79 till:1993.48 color:histcon text:"Brian Mulroney" from:1993.48 till:1993.86 color:histcon text:"Kim Campbell" from:1993.87 till:2003.93 color:lib text:"Jean Chrétien" from:2003.93 till:2006.09 color:lib text:"Paul Martin" from:2006.09 till:2015.84 color:conser text:"Stephen Harper" from:2015.84 till:$now color:lib text:"Justin Trudeau" barset:Monarchs color:white shift:(0,-6) fontsize:7 at:1867.28 text:"Victoria" at:1901.06 text:"Edward VII" barset:break at:1910.34 text:"George V" barset:break at:1936.06 text:"Edward VIII" barset:break at:1936.96 text:"George VI" at:1952.08 text:"Elizabeth II" barset:break LineData= atpos:305 from:1867.50 till:1873.96 color:histcon width:4 # Macdonald's first term atpos:212 from:1920.51 till:1921.99 color:histcon width:4 # Meighen's first term atpos:200 from:1921.99 till:1926.47 color:lib width:4 # King's first term atpos:200 from:1926.79 till:1930.60 color:lib width:4 # King's second term atpos:142 from:1968.30 till:1979.34 color:lib width:4 # P. Trudeau's first term #These are the colored bars of the Legend: atpos:121 from:1870 till:1872 color:conser atpos:108 from:1870 till:1872 color:lib atpos:95 from:1870 till:1872 color:histcon layer:back # This section creates the vertical lines. at:1901.06 width:0.1 color:crown # Edward VII at:1910.34 width:0.1 color:crown # George V at:1936.06 width:0.1 color:crown # Edward VIII at:1936.96 width:0.1 color:crown # George VI at:1952.08 width:0.1 color:crown # Elizabeth II TextData= #This is the text of the Legend pos:(54,130) text:"Conservative Party" text:"Liberal Party" text:"Conservative parties (historical)" }} Living former prime ministersAs of {{Monthyear}}, there are seven living former prime ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau {{nowrap|(1968–}}1979, {{nowrap|1980–}}1984), on 28 September 2000. The living former prime ministers, in order of service, are: See also{{Portal|Canadian politics}}{{Wikipedia books|Prime Ministers of Canada}}
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John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=26 June 2011}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=1335c5d9-2c4e-4ed4-b8d2-c85f1099e8d8&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=26 June 2011}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=10048127-35a6-4f46-8dda-e7afb7584c09&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=26 June 2011}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=2aa8c3e9-f46e-4c78-b9ff-04bec0ed5050&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=26 June 2011}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=0218bf67-ef3a-4a8d-8ab4-0229e4fcaa54&Language=E&MenuID=Compilations.FederalGovernment.PrimeMinisters.Gallery.aspx&MenuQuery=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FParlinfo%2FCompilations%2FFederalGovernment%2FPrimeMinisters%2FGallery.aspx |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=26 June 2011}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b8c04eca-f237-48a8-8975-374ccd40d1a9&Language=E |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed. |publisher=Parliament of Canada |date= |accessdate=4 November 2015}} 45. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=21&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 46. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=23&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 47. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=22&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 48. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=24&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 49. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=25&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 50. ^{{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=26&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} 51. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/dtail.asp?lang=eng&mstyid=32&mbtpid=1#FTNote1|publisher=Privy Council Office|date=14 October 2009|accessdate=24 March 2011}} Further reading{{Main list|List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada}}
External links{{Commons category|Prime ministers of Canada}}
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