| 词条 | Amir Khan (singer) |
| 释义 |
|name = Amir Khan |image = AmirKhan.jpg |caption = Amir Khan |image_size = |background = solo_singer |birth_name = Amir Khan |alias = Sur Rang | birth_place = Indore, India | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1912|8|15}}[1] | death_place = Calcutta, India | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|2|13|1912|8|15}}[2][1] |genre = Indian classical music (Khyal, Tarana) |occupation = Hindustani classical vocalist[1] |years_active = 1934–1974 |label = EMI, HMV, Music Today, Inreco, Ninaad, Navras, Columbia, The Twin |awards = Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Presidential Award Padma Bhushan }} Ustad Amir Khan ({{IPA-hns|əˈmiːr ˈxaːn|pron}}) (15 August 1912 – 13 February 1974) was a well-known Indian classical vocalist. He is considered one of the most influential figures in Hindustani classical music, and the founder of the Indore gharana.[1][1] Early life and backgroundAmir Khan was born in a family of musicians in Indore, India.[2] His father, Shahmir Khan, a sarangi and veena player of the Bhendibazaar gharana, served at the court of the Holkars of Indore. His grandfather, Change Khan, was a singer in the court of Bahadurshah Zafar. Amir Ali's mother died when he was nine years old. He had a younger brother, Bashir, who went on to become a sarangi player at the Indore station of All India Radio.[3] He was initially trained in the sarangi by his father. However, seeing his interest in vocal music, his father gradually devoted more time to vocal training, focusing on the merukhand technique. Amir Ali was exposed at an early age to many different styles, since just about every musician who visited Indore would come to their house, and there would be mehfils at their place on a regular basis.[3][4] He also learned the basics of tabla playing from one of his maternal uncles, who was a tabla player. Amir Khan moved to Bombay in 1934, and there he gave a few concerts and cut about half a dozen 78-rpm records. These initial performances were not well received. Following his father's advice, in 1936 he joined the services of Maharaj Chakradhar Singh of Raigadh Sansthan in Madhya Pradesh. He performed at a music conference in Mirzapur on behalf of the Raja, with many illustrious musicians present, but he was hooted off the stage after only 15 minutes or so. The organizer suggested singing a thumri, but he refused, saying that his mind was never really inclined towards thumri. He stayed at Raigadh for only about a year. Amir Khan's father died in 1937. Later, Khansahib lived for some time in Delhi and Calcutta, but after the partition of India he moved back to Bombay.[3] Singing careerAmir Khan was a virtually self-taught musician{{cn|date=September 2018}}. He developed his own gayaki (singing style), influenced by the styles of Abdul Waheed Khan (vilambit tempo), Rajab Ali Khan (taans) and Aman Ali Khan (merukhand).[1] This unique style, known as the Indore Gharana, blends the spiritual flavour and grandeur of dhrupad with the ornate vividness of khyal. The style he evolved was a unique fusion of intellect and emotion, of technique and temperament, of talent and imagination. Unlike other artists he never made any concessions to popular tastes, but always stuck to his pure, almost puritanical, highbrow style.[4] Amir Khansahib had a rich baritone open-throated voice with a three-octave range, and could move equally effortlessly in any octave. His voice had some limitations but he turned them fruitfully and effortlessly to his advantage{{cn|date=September 2018}}. He presented an aesthetically detailed badhat (progression) in ati-vilambit laya (very slow tempo) using bol-alap with merukhandi patterns,[5] followed by gradually speeding up sargams with various ornamentations, taans and bol-taans with complex and unpredictable movements and jumps while preserving the raga structure, and finally a madhyalaya or drut laya (medium or fast tempo) chhota khyal or a ruba'idar tarana. He helped popularize the tarana, as well as khyalnuma compositions in the Dari variant of Persian. While he was famous for his use of merukhand, he did not do a purely merukhandi alap but rather inserted merukhandi passages throughout his performance.[6] He believed that practising gamak is essential to mastering singing{{cn|date=September 2018}}. Khansahib often used the taals Jhoomra and Ektaal, and generally preferred a simple theka (basic tabla strokes that define the taal) from the tabla accompanist. Even though he had been trained in the sarangi, he generally performed khyals and taranas with only a six-stringed tanpura and tabla for accompaniment. Sometimes he had a subdued harmonium accompaniment, but he almost never used the sarangi.[7] While he could do traditional layakari (rhythmic play), including bol-baant, which he has demonstrated in a few recordings, he generally favored a swara-oriented and alap-dominated style, and his layakari was generally more subtle. His performances had an understated elegance, reverence, restrained passion and an utter lack of showmanship that both moved and awed listeners.[8] According to Kumarprasad Mukhopadhyay's book "The Lost World of Hindustani Music", Bade Ghulam Ali Khan's music was extroverted, exuberant and a crowd-puller, whereas Amir Khan's was an introverted, dignified darbar style. Amir Khansahib believed that poetry was important in khyal compositions, and with his pen name, Sur Rang ("colored in swara"), he has left several compositions. Characteristics of his style include:
Besides singing in concerts, Amir Khan also sang film songs in ragas, in a purely classical style, most notably for the films Baiju Bawra, Shabaab and Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje. This attempt to introduce classical music to the masses through films significantly boosted Khansahib's visibility and popularity. He also sang a ghazal Rahiye Ab Aisi Jagah for a documentary on Ghalib. Khansahib's disciples include Amarnath,[1] A. Kanan, Ajit Singh Paintal, Akhtar Sadmani, Amarjeet Kaur, Bhimsen Sharma, Gajendra Bakshi, Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Kamal Bose, Kankana Banerjee, Mukund Goswami, Munir Khan, Pradyumna Kumud Mukherjee and Poorabi Mukherjee, Shankar Mazumdar, Shankarlal Mishra, Singh Brothers, Srikant Bakre and Thomas Ross. His style has also influenced many other singers and instrumentalists, including Bhimsen Joshi, Gokulotsavji Maharaj, Mahendra Toke, Prabha Atre, Rashid Khan, Ajoy Chakrabarty, Rasiklal Andharia, Sanhita Nandi, Shanti Sharma, Nikhil Banerjee, the Imdadkhani gharana, and Sultan Khan.[3] Although he referred to his style as the Indore Gharana, he was a firm believer of absorbing elements from various gharanas.[9] Amir Khan was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1967[10] and the Padma Bhushan in 1971.[22] Personal lifeAmir Khan's first marriage was to Zeenat, sister of the sitar player, Vilayat Khan. From this marriage, which eventually failed and ended in separation, he had a daughter, Farida. His second marriage was to Munni Bai, who gave birth to a son, Akram Ahmed. Around 1965, Khansaheb married Raisa Begum, daughter of the thumri singer, Mushtari Begum of Agra. He had expected that Munni Begum would accept the third wife; however, Munni disappeared and it is rumored that she committed suicide.[3] With Raisa he had a son, Haider Amir, later called Shahbaz Khan.[2] Khansahib died a premature death in a car accident in Calcutta on 13 February 1974 aged 61, and was buried at Calcutta's Gobra cemetery.[11] DiscographyMovies
78 rpm recordings
Public and private recordings
Awards and recognitions
External links
Bibliography
References1. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Speaking_Tree/Stirring_Compassion_of_Cosmic_Vibration/articleshow/1955005.cms | work=The Times Of India | first1=Bindu | last1=Chawla | title=Stirring Compassion of Cosmic Vibration | date=26 April 2007|accessdate=20 August 2018}} {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Amir}}2. ^Review of music CD "The Legend Lives on... Ustad Amir Khan", by Deepa Ganesh 3. ^1 2 3 4 "Amir Khan: In Memoriam", by Suresh Chandvankar, Society of Indian Record Collectors, Mumbai Retrieved 20 August 2018 4. ^1 "Ustad Amir Khan", from "Great Masters of Hindustani Music" by Susheela Misra Retrieved 20 August 2018 5. ^{{Cite journal | author = Thomas W. Ross |date=Spring–Summer 1993 | title = Forgotten Patterns: "Mirkhand" and Amir Khan | journal = Asian Music | publisher = University of Texas Press | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–109 | jstor = 834468 }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/amirkhanikhayal/4-theswaraaspectofgayaki |title=The Swara Aspect of Gayaki (Analysis of Ustad Amir Khan's Vocal Style)|author=Ibrahim Ali|accessdate=20 August 2018}} 7. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501720200.htm | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu (newspaper)|author=Jitendra Pratap|title=Pleasing only in parts|date=25 November 2005|accessdate=20 August 2018}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Amir Khan - Tribute to a Maestro ITC Sangeet Research Academy website, Retrieved 20 August 2018 9. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/enspBEATSTREET/article15392660.ece |location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu (newspaper)|title=Beatstreet (The Legend Lives on...Ustad Amir Khan)|date=3 November 2008|accessdate=20 August 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards - Hindustani Music - Vocal |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |url= http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm#HindustaniMusicVocal |deadurl= |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archivedate= 2012-02-17 |df= |accessdate=20 August 2018}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article145736.ece | work=The Hindu (newspaper)|first1=Meena | last1=Banerjee |title=Immortal maestro (Ustad Amir Khan)| location=Chennai, India | date=4 March 2010|accessdate=20 August 2018}} 12. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wwwX6DWfn3gC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=Amir+Khan+padma+bhushan+award+in+1971&source=bl&ots=H9ghhMYpNG&sig=n0mQgtqQ7kHNulu2dzsNHGma5oM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR_dD02_zcAhWXw4MKHbyLBMYQ6AEwCnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=Amir%20Khan%20padma%20bhushan%20award%20in%201971&f=false Padma Bhushan Award for Amir Khan on GoogleBooks website] Retrieved 20 August 2018 11 : 1912 births|1974 deaths|Hindustani singers|Indian Muslims|Musicians from Indore|Persian music|Road incident deaths in India|Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts|20th-century Indian singers|Singers from Madhya Pradesh |
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