“Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA: pronounced pin-SEE-ma) is one of five Large Ocean Management Areas (LOMAs), areas of high ecological, social and economic importance, that have been identified by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) as priority regions for marine planning as part of Canada’s Oceans Action Plan.

After years of work by conservation groups, the fishing sector, tourism outfitters, First Nations, scientists and coastal residents, the Government of Canada finally embarked on the PNCIMA marine planning process in 2010. The goal was to develop a plan to conserve this relatively undeveloped region, while fostering sustainable economies on the coast, which promised to make Canada a world leader in marine conservation.

In September 2011 however, the federal government withdrew from an agreement that provided funding to support the PNCIMA process. They stated that the process was being “realigned” to better fit with timelines and to be consistent with ocean planning on the other coasts of Canada. Under this streamlined plan, funding for public consultation and independent science was no longer required.^[2]

Geographic extent

PNCIMA is in the Northern Shelf ^[3]Ecoregion of British Columbia's Pacific North Coast. The geographic boundaries of PNCIMA are the outer limit of the foot of the continental slope in the west to the coastal watersheds to the east, the Canada-US border from Alaska in the north to the Brooks peninsula on northwest Vancouver Island and Quadra Island in the south.

Marine protected areas

A network of marine protected areas will be designed along with areas designated for other specific uses that contribute to the rebuilding of the ocean's health while minimizing economic impacts on fishermen. New management objectives will be developed to ensure there are healthy habitats and clean waters for all the species that call this place home. This will also give us fisheries that sustain native and non native communities, now and for generations to come.

Only 1.98 percent (8963.58 km²)^[4] of Canada’s Pacific waters are currently protected in federal and provincial marine protected areas (MPAs).

In Canada, marine protection can be established under any number of federal legislation including:

In British Columbia, marine protection can be established under the Park Act and the Ecological Reserves Act .

Sponge reef fishery closures

Sponge reefs are highly sensitive to disturbance and the ones in PNCIMA were thought to be extinct until their discovery in 1987. Fisheries closures^[5] are for the groundfish and shrimp trawl. In June 2010, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans announced the government's intention to pursue marine protection measures for the glass sponge reefs of Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/british-columbia/move-to-protect-bcs-glass-sponge-reefs/article1596787/]

Rockfish conservation areas

Rockfish conservation areas are intended to protect rockfish so fishing activities within these areas is restricted. There are 192 rockfish conservation areas in British Columbia, and 79 of those are within PNCIMA.^[6]

British Columbia parks and ecological reserves

Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and NMCA

Scott Islands Marine Wildlife Area (proposed)

The Scott Islands are rocky, windy, and remote. Five islands make up the Scott Islands archipelago. Lanz and Cox Islands are closest to Vancouver Island shores and were designated as a Class “A” Provincial Park in 1995. The outer three islands of Sartine, Beresford, and Triangle (Anne Vallée) became provincial ecological reserves in 1971. These five uninhabited islands, off the northern tip of Vancouver Island are home to some of the most important bird colonies in British Columbia with over two million seabirds nesting there annually. Ninety percent of Canada’s hardy tufted puffins breed here where it is often impossible to land a boat and winds have been known to reach hurricane strength. The water surrounding these islands has been proposed as a marine wildlife area to protect the feeding grounds of this globally significant migratory bird area.

History

Policy and legislation

Reports

Lucas, B.G., Verrin, S., and Brown, R. (Editors). 2007. Ecosystem overview: Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2667: xiii + 104 p.

Clarke, C.L., and Jamieson, G.S. 2006. Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area: Phase I – Identification of important areas. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2678: vi +89 p.

Clarke, C.L., and Jamieson, G.S. 2006. Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area: Phase

MacConnachie, S., Hillier, J., and Butterfield, S. 2007. Marine Use Analysis for the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci 2677: viii + 188 p.

Johannessen, D.I., Macdonald, J.S., Harris, K.A., and Ross, P.S. 2007. Marine environmental quality in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA), British Columbia, Canada: A summary of contaminant sources, types and risks. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2716: xi + 53 p.

David Suzuki Foundation. 2009. Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services: A report on ecosystem servides in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (Pncima) on the British Columbia coast.

David Suzuki Foundation. 2008. B.C.’s Bountiful Sea: Heritage Worth Preserving

Sources

1. ^PNCIMA Planning Office. 2010. The Context for the PNCIMA Initiative Planning Process. Section 4.3.
2. ^Peter O'Neill (September 8, 2011). Harper backs off from initiative that threatens opposition to B.C. pipeline [https://vancouversun.com/news/Harper+backs+from+initiative+that+threatens+opposition+pipeline/5372085/story.html] Vancouver Sun.
3. ^DFO. 2009. Development of a Framework and Principles for the Biogeographic Classification of Canadian Marine Areas. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2009/056.
4. ^Stark, J., and Ladell, K.W. (2008). Marine Protected Area Report Card by Living Oceans Society, the Sierra Club British Columbia, and the David Suzuki Foundation.
5. ^Driscoll, J., Robb, C. and Bodtker, K. (2009). {{cite web |url=http://www.livingoceans.org/files/PDF/sustainable_fishing/bycatch_BC_Bottom_Trawl_Fishery.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815073131/http://www.livingoceans.org/files/PDF/sustainable_fishing/bycatch_BC_Bottom_Trawl_Fishery.pdf |archivedate=2010-08-15 |df= }} Bycatch in Canada’s Pacific Groundfish Bottom Trawl Fishery: Trends and Ecosystem Perspectives. Living Oceans Society.
6. ^Lucas, B.G., Verrin, S., and Brown, R. (Editors). 2007. Ecosystem overview: Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2667: xiii + 104 p.