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词条 PAK3
释义

  1. Discovery

  2. Gene and spliced variants

  3. Protein domains

  4. Activators and inhibitors

  5. Functions

  6. Notes

  7. References

{{Infobox_gene}}PAK3 (p21-activated kinase 2, beta-PAK) is one of three members of Group I PAK family of evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinases.[1][2][3] PAK3 is preferentially expressed in neuronal cells [4][5] and involved in synapse formation and plasticity and mental retardation.[6][7]

Discovery

PAK3 was initially cloned from a murine fibroblast cDNA library and from a murine embryo cDNA library.[4][5] Like other group I PAKs, PAK3 is stimulated by activated Cdc42 and Rac1.

Gene and spliced variants

The human PAK3 gene, the longest group I family member, is 283-kb long. The PAK3 gene is composed of 22 exons of which 6 exons are for 5’-UTR and generates 13 alternative spliced transcripts. Among PAK3 transcripts, 11 transcripts are for coding proteins ranging from 181- to 580-amino acids long, while remaining two transcripts are non-coding RNAs.[8] The murine PAK3 gene contains 10 transcripts, coding six proteins from 544 amino acids and 559 amino acids long, and four smaller polypeptides from 23 to 366 amino acids.

Protein domains

Similar to PAK1, PAK2 contains a p21-binding domain (PBD) and an auto-inhibitory domain (AID) and exists in an inactive conformation.[9]

Activators and inhibitors

PAK3 activity is stimulated by Dbl, Cdc42 and Cool-2,[10][11] and by AP1 transcription factor.[12] Stimulation of PAK3 activity by upstream stimulators such as Dbl or Cdc42 is inhibited by p50 (Cool-1)[11] PAK3 activity is inhibited by FRAX597, a PAN inhibitor of PAKs.[13]

Functions

PAK3 is overexpressed in neuroendocrine/carcinoids tumors.[14] PAK3 has been shown to be important for synapse formation and plasticity, and contribute to mental retardation.[6] Further, a point mutation in PAK3 gene has been associated with nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation.[7]

Notes

{{Academic-written review
| wikidate = 2016
| journal = Gene
| title = {{#property:P1476|from=Q38779105}}
| authors = {{#property:P2093|from=Q38779105}}
| date = {{#property:P577|from=Q38779105}}
| volume = {{#property:P478|from=Q38779105}}
| issue = {{#property:P433|from=Q38779105}}
| pages = {{#property:P304|from=Q38779105}}
| doi = {{#property:P356|from=Q38779105}}
| pmid = {{#property:P698|from=Q38779105}}
| pmc = {{#property:P932|from=Q38779105}}
}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Knaus UG, Morris S, Dong HJ, Chernoff J, Bokoch GM | title = Regulation of human leukocyte p21-activated kinases through G protein--coupled receptors | journal = Science | volume = 269 | issue = 5221 | pages = 221–3 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7618083 | doi = 10.1126/science.7618083 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Manser E, Chong C, Zhao ZS, Leung T, Michael G, Hall C, Lim L | title = Molecular cloning of a new member of the p21-Cdc42/Rac-activated kinase (PAK) family | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 42 | pages = 25070–8 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7559638 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.42.25070 }}
3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar A, Molli PR, Pakala SB, Bui Nguyen TM, Rayala SK, Kumar R | title = PAK thread from amoeba to mammals | journal = Journal of Cellular Biochemistry | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 579–85 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19350548 | pmc = 2718766 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.22159 }}
4. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bagrodia S, Taylor SJ, Creasy CL, Chernoff J, Cerione RA | title = Identification of a mouse p21Cdc42/Rac activated kinase | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 39 | pages = 22731–7 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7559398 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.39.22731 }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Burbelo PD, Kozak CA, Finegold AA, Hall A, Pirone DM | title = Cloning, central nervous system expression and chromosomal mapping of the mouse PAK-1 and PAK-3 genes | journal = Gene | volume = 232 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–15 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10352232 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00110-9 }}
6. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Boda B, Alberi S, Nikonenko I, Node-Langlois R, Jourdain P, Moosmayer M, Parisi-Jourdain L, Muller D | title = The mental retardation protein PAK3 contributes to synapse formation and plasticity in hippocampus | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 24 | issue = 48 | pages = 10816–25 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15574732 | doi = 10.1523/jneurosci.2931-04.2004 }}
7. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Allen KM, Gleeson JG, Bagrodia S, Partington MW, MacMillan JC, Cerione RA, Mulley JC, Walsh CA | title = PAK3 mutation in nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–30 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9731525 | doi = 10.1038/1675 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kreis P, Rousseau V, Thévenot E, Combeau G, Barnier JV | title = The four mammalian splice variants encoded by the p21-activated kinase 3 gene have different biological properties | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 1184–97 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18507705 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05474.x }}
9. ^{{Cite book | vauthors = Kumar R, Li DQ | title = PAKs in Human Cancer Progression: From Inception to Cancer Therapeutic to Future Oncobiology | journal = Advances in Cancer Research | volume = 130 | pages = 137–209 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27037753 | doi = 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.01.002 | isbn = 9780128047897 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bagrodia S, Bailey D, Lenard Z, Hart M, Guan JL, Premont RT, Taylor SJ, Cerione RA | title = A tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that binds to an important regulatory region on the cool family of p21-activated kinase-binding proteins | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 32 | pages = 22393–400 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10428811 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22393 }}
11. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bagrodia S, Taylor SJ, Jordon KA, Van Aelst L, Cerione RA | title = A novel regulator of p21-activated kinases | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 37 | pages = 23633–6 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9726964 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.37.23633 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Holderness Parker N, Donninger H, Birrer MJ, Leaner VD | title = p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) is an AP-1 regulated gene contributing to actin organisation and migration of transformed fibroblasts | journal = PLoS One | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = e66892 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23818969 | pmc = 3688571 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0066892 }}
13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Licciulli S, Maksimoska J, Zhou C, Troutman S, Kota S, Liu Q, Duron S, Campbell D, Chernoff J, Field J, Marmorstein R, Kissil JL | title = FRAX597, a small molecule inhibitor of the p21-activated kinases, inhibits tumorigenesis of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)-associated Schwannomas | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 288 | issue = 40 | pages = 29105–14 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23960073 | pmc = 3790009 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.m113.510933 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu RX, Wang WQ, Ye L, Bi YF, Fang H, Cui B, Zhou WW, Dai M, Zhang J, Li XY, Ning G | title = p21-activated kinase 3 is overexpressed in thymic neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) with ectopic ACTH syndrome and participates in cell migration | journal = Endocrine | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–47 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20960100 | doi = 10.1007/s12020-010-9324-6 }}
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