“Lord Chancellor's Department”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Lord Chancellor's Department was a United Kingdom government department answerable to the Lord Chancellor with jurisdiction over England and Wales.

Created in 1885 as the Lord Chancellor's Office with a small staff to assist the Lord Chancellor in his day-to-day duties, the department grew in power over the course of the 20th century, and at its peak had jurisdiction over the entire judicial system and a staff of over 22,000.^[1] Before it was merged into the Department for Constitutional Affairs to form the Ministry of Justice, it was the oldest United Kingdom government department.^[2]

History

The department was created in 1885 by Lord Selborne, who was the Lord Chancellor at the time. The Lord Chancellor was the only cabinet minister (other than those without portfolio) not to have a department of civil servants answerable to him, and justified the expenditure of creating a permanent department by saying that:

The department was originally named the Lord Chancellor's Office, with the first employees simply being transferred from Selborne's personal retinue to the new office.^[1] The need for the office was partly due to the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875, which significantly changed the structure of the courts and increased the Lord Chancellor's workload as he struggled to enact the changes that the Acts required.^[3] Due to the odd nature of the Lord Chancellor's Office compared to other government departments (it was staffed almost entirely by lawyers and had an initial staff of only five) it developed slightly differently from other departments, regarding itself more as a lobbying organisation for the Judges and the Courts than a traditional government department.^[4]

The office was initially little more than a personal entourage for the Lord Chancellor and did little administrative work, with it being described in 1912 as "not far removed from an interesting little museum".^[5] The appointment of Claud Schuster as Permanent Secretary in June 1915 changed this; he set about reforming the office to allow it to effectively run the court system.^[1] Initially with only a limited jurisdiction the Lord Chancellor's Department grew in power in the 1920s, with the transfer of control of the County Courts from HM Treasury to the department in 1922 and the Supreme Court (consolidation) Act 1925.^[6]

The power of the department reached its peak after the Courts Act 1971 was passed, which modernised the English court system and put the Lord Chancellor's Department in direct control.^[7] Such a large increase in powers necessitated a change of office; previously the department had worked out of the Lord Chancellor's offices in the House of Lords, but it now moved to dedicated offices in Whitehall.^[8] The passing of the Supreme Court Act 1981 and a 1992 move that transferred responsibility for the Magistrates Courts to the department also served to increase its responsibilities.^[9] The department ceased to exist as an independent body in 2003, when its functions were transferred to the newly created Department for Constitutional Affairs.^[10]

Remit

At the time of its merger the Lord Chancellor's Department was charged with appointing and advising on the appointment of judges, running the court system and a certain number of tribunals and assisting in the reform of the English law.^[11] To this end it controlled the Public Trust Office, the Courts Service, the Official Solicitor's Office, the Office of the Judge Advocate General, the Legal Aid Board and several more government agencies.^[11]

Structure

The office was run by the Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Office, a senior member of Her Majesty's Civil Service who also served as Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.^[1] The office he ran was initially small, consisting of five individuals; the Permanent Secretary, his personal secretary, the personal secretary to the Lord Chancellor, the Secretary of Presentations (who advised the Lord Chancellor on the appointment of senior members of the Church of England) and the Secretary of Commissions (who advised the Lord Chancellor on the appointment of magistrates).^[12] The department stayed small compared to other ministerial departments; in the 1960s it had a staff of only 13 trained lawyers and a few secretaries.^[13] The passing of the Courts Act 1971 and the additional duties it gave to the Lord Chancellor's Department forced it to expand, and by the time it ceased to exist as an independent department it had a staff of 12,000 direct employees, 10,000 indirect employees, 1,000 buildings (more than any other government department) and a yearly budget of £2.4 billion.^[14]

Peculiarities

The Lord Chancellor's Department was significantly different from other government departments in a number of ways. Until 1992 it had no representative in the House of Commons; as Speaker of the House of Lords the Lord Chancellor could not sit in the House of Commons.^[15] The department was also exempt from being scrutinised by the Parliamentary Select Committees, something which changed in 1990.^[15] The Permanent Secretary also had to be a barrister of at least seven years standing, and the Deputy Secretary always succeeded the Permanent Secretary when he retired.^[16] Both of these changed in 1990.^[16]

References

1. ^¹²³Hughes (2003) p.56
2. ^Hall (2003) p.41
3. ^Woodhouse (2001) p.42
4. ^Woodhouse (2001) p.43
5. ^Jackson (1977) p.583
6. ^Hall (2003) p.111
7. ^Woodhouse (2001) p.46
8. ^Hall (2003) p.112
9. ^Woodhouse (2001) p.47
10. ^Hall (2003) p.113
11. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/8/detail.html|title=The National Archives - NDAD - Lord Chancellor's Department|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=2009-02-28}}
12. ^Woodhouse (2001) p.41
13. ^Hall (2003) p.38
14. ^Hall (2003) p.57
15. ^¹Hall (2003) p.50
16. ^¹Hall (2003) p.51

Bibliography

3 : 1885 establishments in the United Kingdom|2003 disestablishments in the United Kingdom|Defunct departments of the United Kingdom Government