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词条 Positive anymore
释义

  1. Examples

  2. Notes

  3. References

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Positive anymore}}{{wiktionary|any more}}

Positive anymore is the use of the adverb anymore in an affirmative context.[1] While any more (also spelled anymore) is typically a negative/interrogative polarity item used in negative, interrogative, or hypothetical contexts, speakers of some dialects of English use it in positive or affirmative contexts,[2] with a meaning similar to nowadays or from now on.[1][3] The difference between negative (NPI) anymore and positive anymore can be characterized as follows:

  • Negative: "I don't eat meat anymore" → "I used to eat meat, and (but) I don't now"
  • Positive: "I eat meat anymore" → "I didn't use to eat meat, and (but) I do now"

Positive anymore occurs in some varieties of North American English, especially in the Midland variety widely spoken in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri and in the varieties of the Mid-Atlantic states; its usage extends to Nevada, Utah and some other western U.S. states.[4] It also occurs in parts of Ireland and Northern Ireland.[5]

Regarding prescriptive recommendations on usage, Garner's Modern English Usage echoes the typical prescription that it not be used in writing intended to meet approval with prescriptive readers, scoring it as "misused" and Stage 1 (rejected) on Garner's Language-Change Index (similar to the Heller & Macris index):[6] "In a linguistic study of Missourians,[7] informants considered this dialectal usage 'well established, though controversial.' [...] That means that the informants were all familiar with it, but many didn't like it. The findings would probably hold throughout most of the United States."[6] Both Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary[8] and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language[9] have usage notes covering the positive use and its distribution.

Some linguists theorize that the North American usage derives from Irish or Scots-Irish sources.[10][11]

Examples

The following examples illustrate the use of positive anymore in Irish or American English speech, as recorded by lexicographers or sociolinguists.

  • "A servant being instructed how to act, will answer 'I will do it any more'." (Northern Ireland, {{circa|1898}})[12]
  • "Any more, the difference between a white collar worker and a blue collar worker is simply a matter of shirt preference." (Madison, Wisconsin, 1973)[1]
  • "Everything we do anymore seems to have been done in a big hurry." (Kingston, Ontario, 1979)[1]
  • "I'll be getting six or seven days' holiday anymore." (Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1981)[5]
  • "Anymore we watch videos rather than go to the movies." (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, c. 1991)[13]

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite encyclopedia | year = 2002 | title =any more, adv. | encyclopedia =Oxford English Dictionary | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford and New York}}
2. ^This refers to morphosyntactic context, and not necessarily to connotation. Positive anymore may express negative feelings about a situation, but it is not a negative polarity item, which can occur only with a negative word such as not or doesn't.
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Analyzing Variation in Language: Papers from the Second Colloquium on New Ways of Analyzing Variation, Part 3|last=Hindle|first=Donald|last2=Sag|first2=Ivan|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=1975|isbn=|editor-last=Ralph W. Fasold|editor-first=Roger Shuy|location=|pages=|chapter=Some more on anymore}}
4. ^{{Citation |last=Labov |first=William |contribution=Where do grammars stop? |title=Report on the Twenty-Third Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies |editor-last=Shuy | editor-first=Roger |place=Washington |publisher=Georgetown University Press |pages=43–88 |year=1973}}
5. ^1 {{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |title=Language in the British Isles | year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
6. ^1 {{cite book | last = Garner | first = Bryan A. | title = Garner's Modern English Usage | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, NY | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0190491482 }}
7. ^Gilbert Youmans, 'Any More on Anymore,' 61 Am. Speech 61, 61 (1986).
8. ^{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anymore }}
9. ^{{Citation |author=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |url=https://ahdictionary.com/ }}
10. ^{{Citation |last=Murray |first=Thomas E. |contribution=Positive anymore in the Midwest |title="Heartland" English: Variation and Transition in the American Midwest |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=Timothy C. |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |pages=173–186 |year=1993}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Michael |title=From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English |year=2006 |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |location=Belfast}}
12. ^{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1898 | title =any | encyclopedia =The English Dialect Dictionary |volume= 1 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = London |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Joseph |page=63 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishdialectdi01wriguoft |accessdate =21 December 2009}}
13. ^{{Citation |last=Wolfram |first=Walt |last2=Schilling-Estes |first2=Natalie |title=American English: Dialects and Variation |year=1998 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA}}

References

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2 : English words|English grammar
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