| 词条 | PS Cumberland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Cumberland was a wooden-hulled side paddlewheeler built in 1871; it was wrecked off the shore of Isle Royale in Lake Superior in 1877 and the remains are still on the lake bottom. The wreck was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.[2] HistoryThe Cumberland was constructed in 1871 by Melanchthan & Simpson of Port Robinson, Ontario[3] for Perry & Company, a Toronto steamship line.[4] The ship was launched on August 8, 1871.[5] The Cumberlands design was typical of the sidewheel steamers built for Great Lakes travel in the 1840s-1880s.[5] It was a wooden-hulled, sidewheel paddleboat,[6] 208 feet in length at the keel and 214 feet in length total.[5] The ship had a beam of 28 feet (48 feet overall), a draft of 10 feet 6 inches, and measured 750 tons gross.[5] The ship was powered by a 400HP walking beam engine with a single boiler and possessed paddlewheels 30 feet in diameter.[3][5] The Cumberland was built for Northern Railway of Canada, the parent company of the Toronto and Lake Superior Navigation Company, to run between Duluth, Minnesota and Collingwood or Owen Sound, Ontario,[3] and was named For Fred W. Cumberland, Northern Railway's general manager.[5] The ship first saw service in May 1871.[5] During its service, the Cumberland was involved in a number of serious incidents. In November 1872, the ship was frozen in the ice in the St. Mary's River; most of the crew trekked on foot from the ship to Collingwood, Ontario; leaving a few cremembers and passengers on the vessel.[5] The fate of those left aboard is not known, but it is likely the ship overwintered in the ice.[5] In November 1874, the Cumberland was caught in a storm on its way to Thunder Bay.[5] Caulking of the ship's hull came loose in several areas, and it began to take on water.[5] To lighten the load, livestock on the deck was thrown overboard.[5] The ship made it to port with six feet of water in the hold and promptly sank.[5] In November 1875, the Cumberland was again caught in a storm, and was grounded near Silver Islet, Ontario.[5] Luckily, there was little damage from this incident, and cargo and passengers soon arrived safely in Thunder Bay.[5] In September 1876, the ship ran aground again, this time at Owen Sound.[5] The wreck of the CumberlandIn July 1877, the Cumberland was grounded for three days on a sand bar in the harbor at Nipigon.[5] It arrived in Thunder Bay on July 24, three days behind schedule, and probably left the same day.[5] However, once out of port, she began taking on water.[5] The day was clear and dry, and passengers were transferred to another vessel.[5] On July 25, 1877,[6][7] the ship struck a reef near the Rock of Ages Light.[8] The bow section of the ship was stuck solid aground.[5] Other ships attempted to free the Cumberland, but she was stuck fast.[3] Salvage operations began, with a number of tugs and other vessels attempting to save the ship.[5] However, the wreck was rapidly deteriorating, and by August 12 salvage operations were given up.[3] The ship broke apart entirely on August 18;[7] sections remained visible for several weeks,[5] but the ship was completely submerged by early September.[3] The wreck todayLarge portions of the ship remain in 20 to 80 feet of water, including the wooden hull, side-wheel, and boiler.[8] However, most of the superstructure is missing, as well as nearly all of the engine.[5] The wreckage of the Cumberland is intermingled with some portions of the hull of the Henry Chisholm, which sank later in 1898,[8] and not far from the remains of the George M. Cox.[5] Approximately 40 dives were made to the Cumberland in 2009 out of 1062 dives made to wrecks in the Isle Royale National Park.[9] The ship is significant as the only known example of this size, style, and age of ship available in Lake Superior as a shipwreck.[6] {{clear left}}References1. ^The wreck is listed as "address restricted", but Isle Royale National Park permits public dives and publishes the location of the wreck. Coordinate location is per {{cite web | title = The Wrecks of Isle Royale | publisher = Black Dog Diving | url = http://www.mn-blackdogdiving.com/new_page_2.htm | accessdate = December 12, 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714104639/http://www.mn-blackdogdiving.com/new_page_2.htm | archivedate = July 14, 2011 | df = }} 2. ^1 {{NRISref|2009a}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation | title =Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park, Chisholm-Cumberland Wreck Site | url = http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.mi0297 | publisher = Historic American Engineering Record, Survey number HAER MI-51-B}} 4. ^{{cite web | title = Cumberland Shipwreck | publisher = Superior Shipwrecks | url = http://www.superiortrips.com/Cumberland_Shipwreck.htm | accessdate = December 10, 2010}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 {{citation | title = Submerged Cultural Resources Study: Isle Royale National Park | author1 = Daniel Lenihan | author2 = Toni Carrell | author3 = Thom Holden | author4 = C. Patrick Labadie | author5 = Larry Murphy | author6 = Ken Vrana | editor = Daniel Lenihan | year = 1987 | publisher = Southwest Cultural Resources Center | pages = 65–71, 220–253 | url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/isro/isro.pdf}} 6. ^1 2 {{citation | title = NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM: Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park Thematic Group| author = Toni Carrell | date = September 1983 | url = {{NRHP url|id=64000334}}}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | title = NPS Investigates Sunken Ships in Isle Royale NP | publisher = National Park Service | url = http://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/npsites/IsleRoyale.htm | accessdate = December 14, 2010}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Scuba Diving | publisher = Isle Royale National Park, National Park Service | url = http://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/scuba-diving.htm | accessdate = December 10, 2010}} 9. ^{{citation | title = A Diver’s Experience | author = Pete Sweger | periodical = The Greenstone 2010 | year = 2010 | page = 9 | url = http://www.nps.gov/isro/planyourvisit/upload/Greenstone_2010.pdf}} Further reading{{commonscat|Cumberland (ship, 1871)}}
7 : Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan|Keweenaw County, Michigan|Great Lakes ships|Maritime incidents in 1877|Shipwrecks of Lake Superior|1871 ships|Isle Royale National Park |
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