| 词条 | Quanzhou dialect | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Quanzhou dialect |nativename={{lang|zh-Hans|泉州话}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|泉州話}} (Choân-chiu-ōe) |pronunciation={{IPA|[tsuan˨ tsiu˧ ue˦˩]}} |states=China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. |region=city of Quanzhou, Southern Fujian province |speakers=over 7 million |ref={{sfn|Lin|2008|p=8}} |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=Sinitic |fam3=Min |fam4=Coastal Min |fam5=Southern Min |fam6=Hokkien |script=Han characters |isoexception=dialect |glotto=none |lingua=79-AAA-jd > 79-AAA-jdb |map=Hokkien Map.svg |mapcaption={{color box|#ff2121}} Quanzhou dialect }} The Quanzhou dialect ({{zh|s=泉州话|t=泉州話|poj=Choân-chiu-ōe}}), also known as the Chin-chew dialect,{{sfn|Douglas|1873|p=xvii}} is a dialect of Hokkien that is spoken in southern Fujian (in southeast China), in the area centered on the city of Quanzhou. Due to migration, variations of the Quanzhou dialect are spoken outside of Quanzhou, notably in Taiwan and many Southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines. ClassificationThe Quanzhou dialect is a variety of Hokkien, a group of Southern Min dialects.{{sfn|Zhou|2012|p=111}} In Fujian, the Quanzhou dialect forms the northern subgroup ({{lang|zh|北片}}) of Southern Min.{{sfn|Huang|1998|p=99}} It is one of the oldest dialects of Southern Min, and along the Zhangzhou dialect, it forms the basis for all modern varieties.{{sfn|Ding|2016|p=3}} When compared with other varieties of Hokkien, it has an intelligibility of 87.5% with the Amoy dialect and 79.7% with the Zhangzhou dialect.{{sfn|Cheng|1999|p=241}} Cultural roleBefore the 19th century, the Quanzhou dialect was the representative dialect of Southern Min in Fujian because of Quanzhou's historical and economic prominence, but as Xiamen developed into the political, economic and cultural center of southern Fujian, the Amoy dialect gradually took the place of the Quanzhou dialect as the representative dialect.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=overview}}{{sfn|Lin|2008|p=9}} However, the Quanzhou dialect is still considered to be the standard dialect for Liyuan opera and nanyin music.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=overview}}{{sfn|Huang|1998|p=98}} Phonology{{IPA notice}}This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Quanzhou, specifically in Licheng District. InitialsThere are 14 phonemic initials, including the zero initial (not included below):{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}}
When the rhyme is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/g/}} are realized as the nasal stops {{IPAblink|m}}, {{IPAblink|n}} and {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, respectively.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}} The inventory of initial consonants in the Quanzhou dialect is identical to the Amoy dialect and almost identical to the Zhangzhou dialect. The Quanzhou dialect is missing the phoneme {{IPAslink|dz}} found in the Zhangzhou dialect due to a merger of {{IPAslink|dz}} into {{IPAslink|l}}.{{sfn|Zhou|2006|loc=introduction, p. 15}} The distinction between {{IPAslink|dz}} ({{lang|zh|日}}) and {{IPAslink|l}} ({{lang|zh|柳}}) was still made in the early 19th century, as seen in Huìyīn Miàowù ({{zh|t=彙音妙悟|labels=no}}) by Huang Qian ({{zh|t=黃謙|labels=no}}),{{sfn|Zhou|2006|loc=introduction, p. 15}} but Huìyīn Miàowù already has nine characters categorized into both initials.{{sfn|Du|2013|p=142}} Rev. Carstairs Douglas has already observed the merger in the late 19th century.{{sfn|Douglas|1873|p=610}} In some areas of Yongchun, Anxi and Nan'an, there are still some people, especially those in the older generation, who distinguish {{IPAslink|dz}} from {{IPAslink|l}}, showing that the merger is a recent innovation.{{sfn|Zhou|2006|loc=introduction, p. 15}} RimesThere are 87 rimes:{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}}{{sfn|Zhou|2006|loc=introduction, pp. 15–17}}{{sfn|Lin|2008|pp=36–37}}
The actual pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} has a wider opening,{{Dubious |reason=ɤ isn't pronounced with a wider mouth than ə |date=March 2019}} approaching {{IPA|[ɤ]}}.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}} For some speakers, especially younger ones, the vowel {{IPA|/ə/}} is often realized as {{IPA|[e]}}, e.g. pronouncing {{lang|zh-Hans|飞}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|飛}} ({{IPA|/pə/}}, "to fly") as {{IPA|[pe]}}, and the vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}} is either realized as {{IPA|[i]}}, e.g. pronouncing {{lang|zh-Hans|猪}} / {{lang|zh-Hant|豬}} ({{IPA|/tɯ/}}, "pig") as {{IPA|[ti]}}, or as {{IPA|[u]}}, e.g. pronouncing {{lang|zh|女}} ({{IPA|/lɯ/}}, "woman") as {{IPA|[lu]}}.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=overview}} TonesFor single syllables, there are seven tones:{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}}{{sfn|Zhou|2006|loc=introduction, p. 17}}
In addition to these tones, there is also a neutral tone.{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 1}} Tone sandhiAs with other dialects of Hokkien, the tone sandhi rules are applied to every syllable but the final syllable in an utterance. The following is a summary of the rules:{{sfn|Quanzhou City Local Chronicles Editorial Board|2000|loc=ch. 1, sec. 2}}
NotesReferences
External links
3 : Hokkien-language dialects|Fujian|Quanzhou |
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