“Randolph Blackwell”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Blackwell's father was active in Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association; Randolph attended association meetings with his father, and visited the prison where Garvey was held. In 1943, inspired by hearing Ella Baker speak, he founded a youth chapter of the NAACP in Greensboro. As a student in sociology at North Carolina A & T University (from which he graduated in 1949) he made an unsuccessful run for the state assembly.^[6] He earned a law degree from Howard University in 1953, took an assistant professorship at Winston-Salem Teacher’s College and then became an associate professor in 1954 at Alabama A & M College, where he taught government.^[1]^[2]^[3]

While at Alabama A & M, Blackwell became a leader of the 1962 student sit-ins in nearby Huntsville, Alabama. He left academia in 1963 and became a field director in the Voter Education Project, an organization that promoted voter registration among blacks in the South.^[2]^[3] In March 1963, while attempting to register black voters in Greenwood, Mississippi with Robert Parris Moses and Jimmy Travis of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the car they were driving was fired on. Blackwell and Moses escaped injury but Travis was shot and hospitalized;^[7] the shooting brought national media attention to the struggle in the south, energized the civil rights movement, and forced the Kennedy administration to investigate.^[8] Blackwell became the program director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1964, but after a disagreement with Hosea Williams, he left the organization in 1966 and became the director of Southern Rural Action, an anti-poverty organization in the Deep South.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[9]^[10]

From 1977 to 1979, in the presidency of Jimmy Carter, Blackwell was director of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise in the U.S. Department of Commerce,^[2]^[3] but was beset there by charges of mismanagement.^[11]

In 1976 he was given the Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize, and in 1978 the National Bar Association gave him their Equal Justice Award.^[2]^[3]

References

1. ^¹²{{citation|title=Civilities and civil rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black struggle for freedom|first=William Henry|last=Chafe|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-19-502919-2|page=21}}.
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{citation|url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_blackwell_randolph_t_1927_1981/|title=Blackwell, Randolph T. (1927-1981) |work=Martin Luther King, Jr., and the global freedom struggle|publisher=The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University}}.
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{citation|url=http://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/personbio.aspx?c=290|title=Randolph T. Blackwell|work=Civil Rights Greensboro|publisher=University of North Carolina, Greensboro}}.
4. ^{{citation|title=Randolph T. Blackwell, a leader in helping poor blacks in the South|journal=New York Times|first=Colin|last=Campbell|date=May 23, 1981}}.
5. ^{{citation|title=Unsung giant of civil rights Dr Randolph Blackwell dies|journal=Chicago Tribune|date=May 23, 1981}}.
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Colin|title=RANDOLPH T. BLACKWELL, A LEADER IN HELPING POOR BLACKS IN SOUTH|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/23/obituaries/randolph-t-blackwell-a-leader-in-helping-poor-blacks-in-south.html|accessdate=13 July 2017|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=23 May 1981}}
7. ^{{citation|title=Shooting angers rights leader; big campaign set in Mississippi|journal=Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)|date=March 2, 1963|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QjQbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QE4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4520,2707801}}.
8. ^{{citation|title=America's uncivil wars: the Sixties era from Elvis to the fall of Richard Nixon|first=Mark H.|last=Lytle|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-517497-7|page=133}}.
9. ^{{citation|title=Rural Action Helps to Give Poor Southern Blacks Jobs and Pride|journal=New York Times|date=May 8, 1972}}.
10. ^{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78|journal=Ebony|date=January 1975|pages=78–87|first=Grayson|last=Mitchell|title=Southern Rural Action, Inc., spurs blacks to create and maintain small industries}}.
11. ^{{citation|title=Blackwell: A good man in the wrong job|first=Jack|last=Anderson|authorlink=Jack Anderson (columnist)|publisher=United Press International|date=January 27, 1978|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kOkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NG4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3477,4126968}}.