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词条 Malayalam calendar
释义

  1. History

  2. Months

  3. Days

  4. Significant dates

  5. Derived names

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{redirect|Midhunam|the Malayalam film|Mithunam (1993 film)|the Telugu film|Midhunam (2012 film)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

The Malayalam calendar or Kollam Era, also known as Kollavarsham, is a solar and sidereal Hindu calendar used in the Malabar Coast of Kerala and the Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu in India. The origin of the calendar has been dated as 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at Kollam.[1][2][3]

There are many theories regarding the origin of the era, according to historian Noburu Karashima (2014), it commemorated the foundation of Kollam harbour city after the liberation of Venad (from the Pandya rule).[4]

History

There are multiple conflicting accounts regarding the origins of the Malayalam calendar,[5] some of which are mentioned below:

  • The Kollam era is attributed to the legend of the hero Paraśurāma, an avatar (incarnation) of the god Vishnu.[6] It is sometimes divided into cycles of 1,000 years reckoned from 1176 BCE (Before Current Era). Thus, 825 CE (Current Era) would have been the first year of the era's third millennium. Paraśurāma, was however, a contemporary of Rāma, whose birth date is estimated to be in 5114 BCE (if not earlier).[7] It is, therefore, unclear if the Paraśurāma associated with the Kollam era is the same as the Paraśurāma of Rāmāyana.
  • The news of the physical disappearance of Sri Adi Shankaracharya in 820 CE at Kedarnath reached Kerala only a few years later. It is believed that Kerala began the Malayalam era, also called the Kollam era, in 825 CE in his memory.[8][9][10] There is, however, a differing opinion that Sri Adi Shankaracharya was born in 509 BCE and died in 477 BCE.[11]
  • The origin of Kollam Era has been dated to 825 CE, when the great convention in Kollam was held at the behest of King Kulashekhara. Kollam was an important town in that period, and the Malayalam Era is called 'Kollavarsham', possibly as a result of the Tharisapalli plates.
  • According to Hermann Gundert, Kollavarsham started as part of erecting a new Shiva Temple in Kollam and because of the strictly local and religious background, the other regions did not follow this system at first. Once Kollam port emerged as an important trade center, however, the other countries also started to follow the new system of calendar. This theory backs the remarks of Ibn Battuta as well.[12][12]
  • It is believed that the era was started by the East Syrian saints Mar Sabor and Mar Proth who settled in Korukeni, Kollam, near to the present Kollam.[13][14][15]

Months

The Malayalam months follows the Sanskritic Sauramāsa (solar month) naming convention. Thus, Cingam is named after the corresponding Sanskrit solar month, the Simham, and so on. This is unlike the case in Tulu calendar which follow the names of lunar months. The following are the months of the astronomical Malayalam calendar:

Comparative table showing corresponding months of other calendars
No. Months in Malayalam Era In MalayalamSanskrit solar month Gregorian Calendar Tulu calendar Tamil calendar Saka era Sign of Zodiac
1.Chingamml|ചിങ്ങം}}Siṃha August–September Sona Aavani Śravana–Bhādrapada Leo
2.Kanniml|കന്നി}}Kanyā September–October Nirnaala PurattasiBhādrapada–Aśvina Virgo
3.Thulamml|തുലാം}}Tulā October–November Bonthyel Aippasi Aśvina–Kārtika Libra
4.Vrishchikam ml|വൃശ്ചികം}}Vṛścik‌‌‌am November–December JaardeKarthigaiKārtika–Mārgaśīrṣa Scorpio
5.Dhanuml|ധനു}}Dhanu December–January PeraardeMargazhi Mārgaśīrṣa–Pauṣa Sagittarius
6.Makaramml|മകരം}}Makara January–February PonnyThai Pauṣa–Māgha Capricon
7.Kumbhamml|കുംഭം}}Kumbha February–March MaayiMaasiMāgha–Phālguna Aquarius
8.Meenamml|മീനം}}Mīna March–April SuggyPanguni Phālguna–Chaitra Pisces
9.Meṭamml|മേടം}}Meṣa April–May PagguChithirai Chaitra– Vaiśākha Aries
10.Eṭavamml|ഇടവം}}Vṛṣabha May–June BesaVaikasi Vaiśākha–Jyaiṣṭha Taurus
11.Mithunamml|മിഥുനം}}Mithuna June–July Kaarthel Aani Jyaiṣṭha–Āṣāḍha Gemini
12.Karkaṭakamml|കര്‍ക്കടകം}}Karkaṭaka July–August Aaty Aadi Āṣāḍha–Śrāvaṇa Cancer

Days

The days of the week in the Malayalam calendar are suffixed with Aazhcha ({{lang|ml|ആഴ്ച}}), meaning week.

Comparative table showing corresponding weekdays
No. Malayalam മലയാളം English Kannada Tamil Hindi Hijri(Arabic) Punjabi
1.Njayar ml|ഞായർ}} Sunday Bhanuvara Nyaayiru (ஞாயிறு) Ravivar al-aḥadRavivara (ੜਰਿਰਾਹ)
2.Thinkal ml|തിങ്കൾ}} Monday Somavara Thingal (திங்கள்) Somvar al-ithnayn Sovara (ਸੋਰਾਹਾ)
3.Chowva ml|ചൊവ്വ}} Tuesday Mangalavara Chevvai (செவ்வாய்) Mangalvar al-thalāthāʾ Mangla Var (ਝੱਗਲਾ ਰਾਥ)
4.Budhan ml|ബുധൻ}}Wednesday Budhavara Bhudhan (புதன்) Budhvar al-arbaʿā Budhvarʾ (ਬੁਦ੍ਝਰਾਹ)
5.Vyazham ml|വ്യാഴം}}Thursday Guruvara Vyazhan (வியாழன்) Guruvar al-khamīs Gurūvar (ਗੁਰੂ ਹਾਰ)
6.Velli ml|വെള്ളി}}Friday Shukravara Velli (வெள்ளி) Sukravar al-jumuʿah Ta visvar (ਤਾਂ ਹਿਥਹਾਹ)
7.Shani ml|ശനി}}Saturday Shanivara Shani (சனி)Shanivar al-sabt Sanivar (ਸਯੀਰਾਥ।)

Like the months above, there are twenty seven stars starting from Aswati (Ashvinī in Sanskrit) and ending in Revatī. The 365 days of the year are divided into groups of fourteen days called Ñattuvela ({{lang|ml|ഞാറ്റുവേല}}), each one bearing the name of a star.

Significant dates

Vishu ({{lang|ml|വിഷു}}), celebrated on the 1st of Metam, and Onam ({{lang|ml|ഓണം}}), celebrated on the star Thiruvonam {{IPA-ml|t̪iruʋoːɳəm|}} in the month of Chingam, there are two of the major festivals in Kerala. In Indian astrology, the passing of the sun into Aries at the vernal equinox on Metam 1, now calculated to fall on April 14, is generally celebrated as Vishu (derived from the Sanskrit Maha Vishuva Sankranti, the word "sanGkrAnti" सङ्क्रान्ति meaning "transference or transition to"), and was considered a candidate for marking the start of a year.[16] However, a conference of astronomers that the king Udaya Marthanda Varma summoned in 825 CE, resolved to start the New Year on the first of Chingam (in mid-August). While Cochin, Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ceylon followed suit,[16] Palghat and North Kerala retained another ancient mode of reckoning the New Year from the first day of Kanni (Virgo) in September.

The Makaravilakku festival is celebrated in the Ayyappa Temple at Sabarimala on the 1st day of month Makaram. This marks the grand finale of the two-month period to the Sabarimala pilgrimage. The 1st of Makaram marks the Winter Solstice (Uttarayanam) and the 1st of Karkaṭakam marks the summer solstice (Dakshinayanam) according to the Malayalam calendar. (According to the astronomical calendar the summer solstice is on June 21, and the winter solstice on December 21.)

Chaitram 1 (usually coinciding with March 20) or Metam 1 (usually coinciding with April 14), both in the proximity of the date of the vernal equinox (March 21), mark the beginning of the new year in many traditional Indian calendars such as the Indian National calendar and the Tamil calendar. When the Government of Kerala adopted Kolla Varsham as the regional calendar, the 1st of Chingam, the month of the festival of Onam, was accepted as the Malayalam New Year instead.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Derived names

Many events in Kerala are related to the dates in the Malayalam calendar.

The agricultural activities of Kerala are centred on the seasons. The southwest monsoon which starts around 1 June is known as Etavappathi, meaning mid-Etavam. The northeast monsoon which starts during mid October is called thulavarsham (rain in the month of thulam). The two harvests of paddy are called Kannikkoythu and Makarakkoythu (harvests in the months kanni and makaram) respectively.

See also

  • Bengali calendar
  • Hindu calendar
  • Tamil calendar
  • Great flood of 99, in Kerala in 1924 CE, or 1099 ME

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |accessdate=30 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archivedate=27 May 2015 |df= }}
2. ^{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}
4. ^Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 89.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://historicalleys.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-kollam-calendar-mystery-discussion.html|title=The Kollam Calendar Mystery – A discussion|publisher=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/chronology#ref523199|title=Chronology|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Ram-was-born-in-5114-BC/articleshow/273107.cms|title='Lord Ram was born in 5114 BC' - Times of India|publisher=}}
8. ^[https://www.sringeri.net/2010/05/31/publication/dvd/kalady-the-triumph-of-faith-over-time.htm Kalady: The Triumph of Faith Over Time]. Dir. Rajesh Krishnan, K. Anand, and S. Thyagarajan. Sri Shankara Advaita Research Center, Sringeri, May 31, 2010. DVD.
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaYfoghV-n8|title=Kalady: The Triumph of Faith Over Time (Rediscovery of Sri Adi Shankaracharya's Birth Place)|first=|last=sharadapeetham|date=25 April 2012|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
10. ^K. V. Sarma, [https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol31_1_6_KVSarma.pdf Kollam Era], Indian Journal of History of Science, 31(1), 1996, pp. 93-100
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2008/02/year-of-birth-of-adi-shankaracharya-509.html|title=Year of Birth of Adi Shankaracharya – 509 BC, 44 BC, 788 AD|website=www.hindu-blog.com}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Kollam - Short History|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|work=Statistical Data|publisher=kerala.gov.in|accessdate=8 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|archivedate=2007-11-21 |format=Short History}}
13. ^1 {{cite book|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|origyear=1967|year=2007|publisher=DC Books, Kottayam|isbn=81-264-1578-9|pages=104–110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA104&dq=Nestorian+kollam+era#v=onepage&q=Nestorian%20kollam%20era&f=false|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|accessdate=7 August 2013|chapter=CHAPTER VIII - THE KOLLAM ERA}}
14. ^Kerala government website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm |date=2007-11-21 }}
15. ^In the Travancore State Manual, Ch:XIII, pages 49-50, by Sri. T.K. Velu Pillai according to keralainfoservice
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=16400|title=Boloji.com - A Study in Diversity - News, Views, Analysis, Literature, Poetry, Features - Express Yourself|website=www.boloji.com}}

External links

{{commons category|Malayalam calendar}}{{Portal bar|Kollam|Kerala|India|Years}}
  • Hindu Panchangam Calendar in Malayalam
  • Malayalam Panchang Calendars with Tithi, Nakshtra etc
  • Open Source software libraries for Malayalam Calendar
{{calendars}}{{Kollam}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Calendar}}

6 : History of Kollam|Calendar eras|Culture of Kerala|Specific calendars|Hindu festivals in Kerala|Time in India
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