“Management information system”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A management information system (MIS) is an information system^[1] used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization; especially in a company.

The study of management information systems examines people, processes and technology in an organizational context.^[2]^[3]

In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of the use of a management information system is to increase the value and profits of the business.^[4]

History

The first era (mainframe and minicomputer computing) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers for which they supplied both the hardware and software. These computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them. As technology advanced, these computers were able to handle greater capacities and therefore reduce their cost. Smaller, more affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centers in-house / on-site / on-premises.

The second era (personal computers) began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with mainframes and minicomputers and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from large data centers to smaller offices. In the late 1970s, minicomputer technology gave way to personal computers and relatively low-cost computers were becoming mass market commodities, allowing businesses to provide their employees access to computing power that ten years before would have cost tens of thousands of dollars. This proliferation of computers created a ready market for interconnecting networks and the popularization of the Internet. (The first microprocessor — a four-bit device intended for a programmable calculator — was introduced in 1971 and microprocessor-based systems were not readily available for several years. The MITS Altair 8800 was the first commonly known microprocessor-based system, followed closely by the Apple I and II. It is arguable that the microprocessor-based system did not make significant inroads into minicomputer use until 1979, when VisiCalc prompted record sales of the Apple II on which it ran. The IBM PC introduced in 1981 was more broadly palatable to business, but its limitations gated its ability to challenge minicomputer systems until perhaps the late 1980s to early 1990s.)

The third era (client/server networks) arose as technological complexity increased, costs decreased, and the end-user (now the ordinary employee) required a system to share information with other employees within an enterprise. Computers on a common network shared information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data simultaneously on networks referred to as Intranets.

The fourth era (enterprise computing) enabled by high speed networks, consolidated the original department specific software applications into integrated software platforms referred to as enterprise software. This new platform tied all aspects of the business enterprise together offering rich information access encompassing the complete management structure.

The fifth era (cloud computing) is the latest and employs networking technology to deliver applications as well as data storage independent of the configuration, location, or nature of the hardware. This, along with high speed cellphone and Wi-Fi networks, has led to new levels of mobility in which managers may access the MIS remotely with laptops, tablet computers and smartphones.

Terminology

The terms management information systems (MIS), information system (IS) , enterprise resource planning (ERP), computer science, electrical computer engineering, and information technology management (IT) are often confused. MIS is a hierarchical subset of information systems. MIS are more organization-focused narrowing in on leveraging information technology to increase business value. Computer science is more software-focused dealing with the applications that may be used in MIS.^[7] Electrical computer engineering is product-focused mainly dealing with the architecture behind computer systems. ERP software is a subset of MIS and IT management refers to the technical management of an IT department which may include MIS.

Management

While management information systems can be used by any and every level of management, the decision of which systems to implement generally falls upon the chief information officers (CIO) and chief technology officers (CTO). These officers are generally responsible for the overall technology strategy of an organization including evaluating how new technology can help their organization. They act as decision makers in the implementation process of new MIS.

Once decisions have been made, IT directors, including MIS directors, are in charge of the technical implementation of the system. They are also in charge of implementing the policies affecting the MIS (either new specific policies passed down by the CIOs or CTOs or policies that align the new systems with the organizations overall IT policy). It is also their role to ensure the availability of data and network services as well as the security of the data involved by coordinating IT activities.

Upon implementation, the assigned users will have the appropriate access to relevant information. It is important to note that not everyone inputting data into MIS need necessarily be management level. It is common practice to have inputs to MIS be inputted by non-managerial employees though they rarely have access to the reports and decision support platforms offered by these systems.

Types

The following are types of information systems used to create reports, extract data, and assist in the decision making processes of middle and operational level managers.

Advantages

Enterprise applications

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title=Information Systems for Business and Beyond|last=Bourgeois|first=David T.|publisher=The Saylor Academy|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=5}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=What is Management Information Systems?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509003228/http://mays.tamu.edu/info/what-is-mis/|archivedate=May 9, 2015|url=http://mays.tamu.edu/info/what-is-mis/|publisher=Mays Business School}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Leveraging People Processes and Technology|url=https://saunders.rit.edu/undergraduate/majors-minors/management-information-systems-mis-degree-overview|publisher=Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology|date=2017-04-28}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.umassd.edu/charlton/programs/mis/|title=Management Information Systems|publisher=University of Massachusetts Dartmouth |website=umassd.edu |access-date=2018-04-11}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm|last1=Laudon|first1=Kenneth C.|last2=Laudon|first2=Jane P.|publisher=Prentice Hall/CourseSmart|year=2009|edition=11|page=164}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://bizfluent.com/about-5444925-history-management-information-systems.html|title=The History of Management Information Systems|last=Boykin|first=George|date=2017-09-26|website=bizfluent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-26}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://mis.eller.arizona.edu/what-is-mis|title=What is MIS?|last=The University of Arizona|date=2014-08-04|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-26}}
8. ^Bidgoli, Hossein, (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.
9. ^ (1995), Strategic Information Systems Planning: A Review, Information Resources Management Association International Conference, May 21–24, Atlanta.
10. ^{{cite web|title=Delivering Business Analytics and Technology Solutions|url=https://saunders.rit.edu/undergraduate/majors-minors/management-information-systems-mis-degree-overview|publisher=Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology|date=2017-04-28}}
11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Costa | first1 = A | last2 = Ferreira | first2 = C. | last3 = Bento | first3 = E. | last4 = Aparicio | first4 = F. | year = 2016 | title = Enterprise resource planning adoption and satisfaction determinants | url = | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 63 | issue = | pages = 659–671 | doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.090 | hdl = 10071/12282 }}
12. ^{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Victoria|title=Supply Chain Management: The Next Big Thing?|url=http://www.businessweek.com/business-schools/supply-chain-management-the-next-big-thing-09122011.html|work=Sept. 12, 2011|publisher=Business Week|accessdate=5 March 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=Lynn|first=Samara|title=What is CRM?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2391297,00.asp|publisher=PC Mag|accessdate=5 March 2014}}
14. ^{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Girdhar|title=Management Information Systems|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198080992|page=328|url=http://www.oup.co.in/product/higher-education/business-management/business-management/6/management-information-systems-1e/9780198080992}}