“Replicas of the Jewish Temple”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Replicas of the Jewish Temple are scale models or authentic buildings that attempt to replicate the Temple of Solomon, Second Temple and Herod's Temple in Jerusalem.

Scale models

In the seventeenth century, Rabbi Jacob Judah Leon of Amsterdam (1602–1675) built a widely exhibited model of the Temple based on his understanding of the biblical specifications.^[1]

Another notable model was constructed by Gerhard Schott (born in Hamburg 1641, and died 1702). Schott's model, known as the Hamburg temple model, is still displayed in the Hamburgmuseum in Hamburg.^[2]

A scale model existed at the Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva, but was destroyed during World War II. Two of Schick's models are located in the basement of the Schmidt school for girls in east Jerusalem, near the Damascus Gate.

Museums that display notable Temple models include the Bijbels Museum ("Biblical Museum") in Amsterdam, the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, which now houses the model of Jerusalem in the Late 2nd Temple Period originally constructed by archeologist Michael Avi-Yonah at the Holyland hotel, and the Yeshiva University Museum in Manhattan which has models by archaeological architect Leen Ritmeyer.^[5] The North Visitors' Center at Temple Square, in Salt Lake City, Utah has a scale model of Jerusalem as it may have looked at the time of Christ.^[6]

Alec Garrard of Norfolk, UK, worked for 30 years creating a 1:100 scale model of Herod's Temple. His model has been recognized as the most authentic version of the temple in the world.^[7]^[8]

The Holy Land Experience is a Christian theme park in Orlando, Florida that features a large replica of Herod's Temple inside the walls of a replica of the Jerusalem of Jesus' day.^[10]

Exact replica

In 2009, Jews from settlements Mitzpe Yeriho in the West Bank, began to build a life-size replica of the Temple of Jerusalem.^[11]

In 2010 the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God started the construction of a replica of Solomon’s temple in São Paulo, Brazil. According to local press reports, the building would be an "exact replica" of the ancient Temple of Solomon, ^[12] but with increased dimensions, despite resembling considerably more Herod's Temple {{fact|date=August 2017}}. The temple was inaugurated on July 2014. The mega-church seats 10,000 worshipers and stands 180 feet tall, the height of an 18-story building.

Desert tabernacle

The Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania a replica dating from 1922.^[13] The Mennonite Information Center in Lancaster, Pennsylvania had a replica dating from the 1940s.^[14]^[15]

The Mishkan Shiloh synagogue in Shilo, Mateh Binyamin is designed as a replica of the Tabernacle.^[16]

In Israel, Timna Valley Park and Kibbutz Almog feature full-scale replicas.^[17]^[18]

The Temple's influence on Masonic ritual

Solomon's Temple is a central symbol of Freemasonry, which holds that the first three Grand Masters were King Solomon, King Hiram I of Tyre, and Hiram Abiff - the craftsman/architect who built the temple. Masonic initiation rites include the reenactment of a scene set on the Temple Mount while it was under construction. Every Masonic Lodge, therefore, is symbolically the Temple for the duration of the degree, and possesses ritual objects representing the architecture of the Temple. These may either be built into the hall or be portable. Among the most prominent are replicas of the pillars Boaz and Jachin through which every initiate has to pass.^[19]

Buildings evoking the Temple

A number of churches and synagogues have been designed to evoke the Temple. One is the Escorial Palace Monastery in Spain (1563–1584), by architect Juan Bautista de Toledo. The central axis reveals a pattern of courtyard, sanctuary, Holy of Holies.^[21] The Old Whalers Church in Sag Harbor, New York was built in 1844 by architect Minard Lafever as a replica of the Temple.^[22]^[23] The 1906 building of Temple Israel (Boston, Massachusetts) was intended to be a replica of the Temple.^[24] The Church of St. Polyeuctus in Constantinople was built with the precise proportions given in the Bible for the Temple of Solomon.^[25]

All Mormon temples are evocations of the Temple of Solomon.{{clarify|date=September 2014}} The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is oriented towards Jerusalem and the large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the brazen sea of Solomon's Temple.^[26]

The Cardston Alberta, Laie Hawaii, and Mesa Arizona Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are all designed after the style of the second temple built by King Herod.^[27]

The 1909 building of the Herzliya Hebrew High School in Tel Aviv, designed by Joseph Barsky, was intended to evoke Solomon's Temple following a widely circulated reconstruction of the temple by Charles Chipiez.^[28]

Replicas in the form of the Dome of the Rock

It was long mistakenly believed by Europeans that the Dome of the Rock had been built as an architectural replica of the Temple.{{cn|date=November 2018}} A number of buildings were designed as replicas of the Temple in the shape of the Dome of the Rock. Many of these buildings are linked to the Temple Knights who had the nearby Al Aqsa Mosque as their Jerusalem headquarters.The replicas include the octagonal, fifteenth-century Church of St. Giacomo in Italy, and the octagonal, nineteenth-century Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street synagogue in Budapest. Perugino's Marriage of the Virgin and Raphael's painting, The Marriage of the Virgin show the Temple as a Renaissance version of the Dome of the Rock.^[29]

References

1. ^Al L. Shane, Jacob Judah Leon of Amsterdam (1602-1675) and his models of the Temple of Solomon and the Tabernacle, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, 96, 1983, pp. 145-169
2. ^The Temple of Jerusalem by Simon Goldhill, Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 140
3. ^Simon Goldhill, The Temple of Jerusalem, Harvard University Press, 129
4. ^H. Goren and R. Rubin, "Conrad Schick's Models of Jerusalem and its Monuments", PEQ 128 (1996), pp. 103-124
5. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web|author=Temple Square North Visitors' Center |url=http://www.lds.org/placestovisit/location/0,10634,1881-1-1-1,00.html |title=Temple Square North Visitors' Center |publisher=Lds.org |date=2012-02-21 |accessdate=2013-10-15}}
7. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/4837528/A-model-of-biblical-proportions-man-spends-30-years-creating-a-model-of-Herods-Temple.html A model of biblical proportions: man spends 30 years creating a model of Herod's Temple]
8. ^Pensioner spends 30 years building amazing model of Herod's Temple ... but admits he won't be around to finish it
9. ^Imagining the Holy Land: maps, models, and fantasy travels by Burke O. Long, Indiana University Press, 2002, pp. 28 ff.
10. ^Branham, Joan R. "The Temple That Won't Quit: Constructing Sacred Space in Orlando's Holy Land Experience Theme Park." Harvard Divinity Bulletin, Autumn 2008 (Vol. 36, No. 3)
11. ^Fanatycy budują replikę Świątyni Jerozolimskiej [on-line], [w:] "Dziennik" [dostęp: 9.10.2009].
12. ^Réplica do Templo de Salomão deve custar R$ 200 milhões Eduardo Reina, 22 de julho de 2010, O Estado de S.Paulo.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.glencairnmuseum.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Glencairn Museum |date= |accessdate=2013-10-15}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mennoniteinfoctr.com/tabncle.html |title=Mennonite Information Center |publisher=Mennoniteinfoctr.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-15}}
15. ^"Rising up; Tabernacle replica in Gordonville fixed after storm", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, June 15, 2002,: Joan Kern
16. ^ON THE ROAD TO SHILO by Yocheved Aron
17. ^Jewish Journal, July 14, 2005, "Hit Biblical Jackpot at Timna's Mines", Lisa Alcalay Klug
18. ^The Tabernacle - Shadows of the Messiah: Its Sacrifices, Services, and Priesthood, David M. Levy, Kregel Publications, 2003, p. 91
19. ^James Stevens Curl, The Art and Architecture of Freemasonry, Overlook Press, New York, 1991, 56 -62
20. ^{{Cite book |author=Juan Rafael de la Cuadra Blanco|title="King Philip of Spain as Solomon the Second. The origins of Solomonism of the Escorial in the Netherlands", en The Seventh Window. The King's Window donated by Phillip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk (1557), p. 169-180|year= 2005 |isbn=90-6550-822-8|edition= concept & editing Wim de Groot, Verloren Publishers, Hilversum}}
21. ^Simbology [sic] and projective genesis in architecture: El Escorial and the Temple of Solomon], by Juan Rafael de la Cuadra Blanco, Ph. Dr. Architect.
22. ^"The Rise of Eclecticism in New York, Talbot Hamlin, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May, 1952), pp. 3-8.
23. ^"The Architecture of Minard Lafever, Jacob Landy New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, pp. 230, 287.
24. ^The Jews of Boston, Sarna, Jonathan D., and Smith, Ellen, editors, Boston, 1995, p. 177
25. ^Hamblin, William J. and Seeely, David Rolph, Solomon's Temple; Myth and History, Thames and Hudson, 2007, p. 109
26. ^Hamblin, William J. and Seeely, David Rolph, Solomon's Temple; Myth and History, Thames and Hudson, 2007, p. 191–3
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/ |title=LDS Temples - Mormon Temples - Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |publisher=Ldschurchtemples.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-15}}
28. ^Sergey R. Kravtsov, "Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Application in Architecture", Ars Judaica, Vol. 4, 2008
29. ^The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Jacob Burckhardt, Peter Murray, James C. Palmes, University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 81