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词条 Andean Community
释义

  1. Membership

  2. Relationship with other organizations

  3. History

  4. Organization

  5. Secretaries-General

  6. Free flow of people

     Andean passport 

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}{{Short description|South American free-trade agreement}}{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}{{Update|date=April 2013}}{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
|native_name = {{native name|es|Comunidad Andina|fontsize=68%}}
|conventional_long_name = Andean Community
|linking_name = the Andean Community
|image_flag = Flag of the Andean Community of Nations.svg
|symbol_width =
|image_map = Andean Community (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption =
|motto = {{native phrase|es|"Ésta es mi tierra, ésta es mi casa"|italics=off|nolink=on}}
"This is my homeland, this is my house"
|official_languages =
| Spanisha
| Quechua
| Aymara
| and 34 other indigenous languages
|org_type = Trade bloc
|membership_type = Member states
|membership = {{unbulleted list |4 full members |5 associates |1 observer}}
|admin_center_type = Seat of Secretariat
|admin_center = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Peru}} Lima, Peru}}
|largest_settlement = Lima
Bogotá
Guayaquil
Quito
Medellín
Cali
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Barranquilla
|largest_settlement_type = cities
|area_rank = 7th
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi = 1,470,702
|population_estimate = 101,119,783b
|population_estimate_rank = 12th
|population_estimate_year = 2010
|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$902.86 billion[1][2][3][4]}}
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,928.62
|GDP_PPP_rank = 16th
|established_event1 = {{nowrap|as the Andean Pact}}
|established_date1 = 1969
|established_event2 = as the CAN
|established_date2 = 1996
|leader_title1 = {{nowrap|Secretary General}}
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} Walker San Miguel}}
|official_website = http://www.comunidadandina.org/
|footnote_a = Also the Community's working language.
|footnote_b = Combined member states' census estimates.
}}{{Unasur vcard}}

The Andean Community ({{lang-es|Comunidad Andina}}, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarters are in Lima, Peru.

The Andean Community has 98 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$745.3 billion in 2005, including Venezuela, who was a member at that time. Its estimated GDP PPP for 2011 amounts to US$902.86 billion, excluding Venezuela.

Membership

The original Andean Pact was founded in 1969 by Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. In 1973 the pact gained its sixth member, Venezuela. In 1976 however, its membership was again reduced to five when Chile withdrew. Venezuela announced its withdrawal in 2006, reducing the Andean Community to four member states.

Recently, with the new cooperation agreement with Mercosur, the Andean Community gained four new associate members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. These four Mercosur members were granted associate membership by the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in an enlarged session with the Commission (of the Andean Community) on July 7, 2005. This moves reciprocates the actions of Mercosur which granted associate membership to all the Andean Community nations by virtue of the Economic Complementarity Agreements (Free Trade agreements) signed between the CAN and individual Mercosur members.[5]

  • Current members:[6]
    • {{flagcountry|Bolivia}} (1969)
    • {{flagcountry|Colombia}} (1969)
    • {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} (1969)
    • {{flagcountry|Peru}} (1969)
  • Associate members:[6][6]
    • {{flagcountry|Argentina}} (2005)
    • {{flagcountry|Brazil}} (2005)
    • {{flagcountry|Paraguay}} (2005)
    • {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} (2005)
    • {{flagcountry|Chile}} (2006)
  • Observer countries:[7]
    • {{flagcountry|Spain}}
  • Former full members:
    • {{flagcountry|Venezuela}} (1973–2006), joined Mercosur
    • {{flagcountry|Chile}} (full member 1969–1976, observer 1976–2006, associate member since 2006)

Relationship with other organizations

{{Update|date=April 2013}}

The Andean Community and Mercosur comprise the two main trading blocs of South America. In 1999, these organizations began negotiating a merger with a view to creating a "South American Free Trade Area" (SAFTA). On December 8, 2004, the Andean Community (CAN) signed a cooperation agreement with Mercosur and they published a joint letter of intention for future negotiations towards integrating all of South America in a Union of South American Nations (USAN), patterned after the European Union. It was formally established by the May 23, 2008, Constitutive Treaty of the USAN signed in Brasília.

During 2005, Venezuela decided to join Mercosur. Venezuela's official position first appeared to be that, by joining Mercosur, further steps could be taken towards integrating both trade blocs.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} CAN Secretary General Allan Wagner stated that the Venezuelan Foreign Minister Alí Rodríguez had declared that Venezuela did not intend to leave the CAN, and its simultaneous membership to both blocs marked the beginning of their integration.[8]

However some analysts interpreted that Venezuela might eventually leave the CAN in the process.[9] As Colombia and Peru signed free trade agreements with the United States, in protest the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez indeed announced in April 2006 his country's withdrawal from the CAN, stating that the Community is "dead".[10] Officials in Colombia and Peru expressed their disagreement with this view, as did representatives from Venezuela's industrial sector (Conindustria).[11]

In spite of this announcement, Venezuela still had not formally completed all the necessary withdrawal procedures. According to Venezuela's Commerce Minister María Cristina Iglesias, the entire process was going to take up five years. Until then, Venezuela and its partners would remain bound by the effects of the community's preexisting commercial agreements.[12]

During a visit to Colombia in August 2007, President Hugo Chávez was asked by the presidents of Ecuador and Bolivia to rejoin the Andean Community of Nations, and he responded that he would agree.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Meanwhile, at that time the Mercosur's relations with Venezuela were weakening as Mercosur was not agreeing with some of the Hugo Chávez's proposals.[13]

Eventually Venezuela achieved the full membership of the Mercosur in 2012, making the Mercosur bigger in number of members than the CAN for the first time.

In addition to CAN, Bolivia is also a member of the WTO, UNASUR, and ALBA. Its attitude is considered crucial to relations between UNASUR and ALBA specifically, says Marion Hörmann, since Bolivia is traditionally seen as a mediator between the Andean countries and the rest of South America.[14]

Furthermore, in December 7, 2012, the Bolivian nation was accepted by the Mercosur countries to start the incorporation protocols to achieve the Mercosur full membership in a matter of 4 years,[15] receiving the proclamation of an accessing member, and further consolidating itself as a strategic geopolitical nation.

History

  • The groundwork for the Community was established in 1969 in the Cartagena Agreement
  • In 1973 Venezuela joins Andean Pact
  • In 1976, Augusto Pinochet withdrew Chile from the Andean Community claiming economic incompatibilities
  • In 1979, the treaty creating the Court of Justice was signed and the Andean Parliament created and the Andean Council of Foreign Ministers were created
  • In 1983, the treaty creating the Court of Justice entered into effect
  • In 1991, the presidents approved the open skies policy and agree to intensify integration
  • In 1992, Peru temporarily suspended its obligations under the Liberalization Program
  • In 1993, the Free Trade Zone entered into full operation for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
  • In 1994, the Common External Tariff was approved
  • In 1996, the Cartagena Agreement Commission approved the regulatory context for the establishment, operation, and exploitation of the Simón Bolívar Satellite System
  • In 1997, an agreement was reached for Peru's gradual incorporation into the Andean Free Trade Zone
  • In 1998, the Framework Agreement for the creation of a Free Trade Area between the Andean Community and the Mercosur was signed in Buenos Aires
  • In 2000, a meeting of the South American Presidents, at which the Andean Community Heads of State and Mercosur decide to launch negotiations for establishing a free trade area between the two blocs as rapidly as possible and by January 2002 at the latest
  • In August 2003, the Andean Community and Mercosur Foreign Ministers, during a meeting in Montevideo at which the CAN delivered a working proposal containing guidelines for the negotiation, reaffirmed their governments' political determination to move ahead with the negotiation of a free trade agreement between the two blocs
  • In April 2006 President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela would withdraw from the Andean Community, claiming the FTA agreements signed by Colombia and Peru with the United States caused irreparable damage to the community

Organization

  • Andean Presidential Council
  • Andean Foreign Relations Ministers Council
  • Commission
  • Headquarters (Lima, Peru)
  • Andean Court of Justice
  • Andean Parliament (Bogotá, Colombia)
  • Latin American Reserve Fund
  • Simón Bolívar Andean University

Secretaries-General

  • Sebastián Alegrett (Venezuela) 1997–2002
  • Guillermo Fernández de Soto (Colombia) 2002–2004
  • Edward Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru) 2004–2006
  • Alfredo Fuentes Hernández (Colombia), interim 2006–2007
  • Freddy Ehlers (Ecuador), 2007[16]–2010[17]
  • Adalid Contreras Baspineiro (Bolivia), interim 2010–2011, 2011–2013 [18]
  • Pablo Guzmán Laugier (Bolivia), 2013–2016 [19]
  • Walker San Miguel (Bolivia), 2016–present [20]

Free flow of people

Since January 1, 2005, the citizens of the member countries can enter the other Andean Community member states without the requirement of a visa. Travellers should present the authorities their national ID cards.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

Visitors to Venezuela will have to present their passports; they will then receive the Andean Migration Card (Tarjeta Andina de Migración), in which the time of temporary residence in the country is stated.

Andean passport

{{main|Andean passport}}

The Andean passport was created in June 2001 pursuant to Decisión 504. This stipulates the issuing of a passport based on a standard model which contains harmonised features of nomenclature and security. The passport is effective in Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Colombia (Bolivia and Colombia since early 2006).

See also

{{Portal|South America}}
  • Central American Common Market
  • Customs Union
  • Free Trade Area of the Americas
  • Mercosur
  • Trade bloc
  • Union of South American Nations

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=32&pr1.y=4&c=248&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Ecuador |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2011-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504023146/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=32&pr1.y=4&c=248&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |archivedate=4 May 2011 |deadurl=no}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=7 |title=Bolivia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=21 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030827/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=42&pr.y=7 |archivedate=4 May 2011 |deadurl=no}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=100&pr.y=7&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Colombia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2011-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514051916/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=100&pr.y=7&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |archivedate=14 May 2011 |deadurl=no}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=293&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=35&pr.y=6 |title=Peru |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2011-05-06}}
5. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/common/mercosur2.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020616143720/http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/common/mercosur2.htm |archivedate= June 16, 2002 |title=CAN – Mercosur}}
6. ^In the framework of the Union of South American Nations and/or Mercosur-CAN cooperation agreements
7. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.comunidadandina.org/Quienes.aspx|title=SOMOS COMUNIDAD ANDINA|accessdate=2014-07-12|publisher=Andean Community of Nations}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2005/12/08/msur_ava_08A642103.shtml |title=Secretario general de la CAN: Es positivo el ingreso de Venezuela al Mercosur |publisher=Eluniversal.com|language=Spanish |date=2005-12-08 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Prada |first=Paulo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/08/business/worldbusiness/08trade.html |title=South American Trade Bloc Moves to Admit Venezuela |work=The New York Times |date=December 8, 2005 |accessdate=2008-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119193033/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/08/business/worldbusiness/08trade.html |archivedate=January 19, 2013 |deadurl=no }}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=akFZvMSnew8s |title= Venezuela to Withdraw From Andean Free Trade Group|department=Latin America |work=Bloomberg.com |date=2006-04-19 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/04/20/eco_ava_20A695825.shtml |title= Conindustria: "Inevitable" y negativa salida de Venezuela de la CAN |language=Spanish|publisher=Eluniversal.com |date=2006-04-20 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/04/22/eco_ava_22A697119.shtml |title= Secretario general de la CAN espera que convoquen cita sobre Venezuela|language=Spanish|publisher=Eluniversal.com |date=2006-04-22 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3702910 |title=Vocero de las Farc se reunirá en Venezuela con Hugo Chávez para hablar sobre acuerdo humanitario |publisher=Eltiempo.com |date=2007-08-31 |accessdate=2008-12-24}}
14. ^Marion Hörmann, "Key Role for Bolivia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084954/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/168821/index.en.shtml |date=2011-09-27 }}" D+C Development and Cooperation, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2010/03, 103–105.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/12/08/bolivia-signs-mercosur-incorporation-protocol-and-becomes-sixth-member|title=Bolivia signs Mercosur incorporation protocol and becomes sixth member|publisher=}}
16. ^Andean Community of Nations, 18 Jan 2007, Ecuadorian Freddy Ehlers is elected CAN Secretary General {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729224104/http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/press/press/np18-1-07.htm |date=2013-07-29 }}
17. ^Andean Community of Nations, 20 Apr 2010, {{es icon}} Freddy Ehlers renuncia a la Secretaría General de la CAN {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425064230/http://www.comunidadandina.org/prensa/notas/np20-4-10.htm |date=April 25, 2010 }}
18. ^{{es icon}} Andean Community of Nations, 19 Feb 2013, Boliviano Adalid Contreras concluye su gestión como Secretario General de la CAN con un llamado a fortalecer la integración {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218002830/http://www.comunidadandina.org/Prensa.aspx?id=3347&accion=detalle&cat=NP |date=February 18, 2015 }}
19. ^{{es icon}} Andean Community of Nations, 15 Jun 2013,{{cite web|url=http://www.comunidadandina.org/Prensa.aspx?id%3D3430%26accion%3Ddetalle%26cat%3DAF%26title%3Dboliviano-pablo-guzman-es-elegido-como-secretario-general-de-la-can |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218001723/http://www.comunidadandina.org/Prensa.aspx?id=3430&accion=detalle&cat=AF&title=boliviano-pablo-guzman-es-elegido-como-secretario-general-de-la-can |archivedate=2015-02-18 |df= }}
20. ^{{es icon}} Andean Community of Nations, 11 Jan 2016,{{cite web|url=http://www.comunidadandina.org/Prensa.aspx?id%3D3652%26accion%3Ddetalle%26cat%3DNP%26title%3Dwalker-san-miguel-es- |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-01-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322052610/http://www.comunidadandina.org/Prensa.aspx?id=3652&accion=detalle&cat=NP&title=walker-san-miguel-es- |archivedate=2016-03-22 |df= }}

External links

{{commons category|Andean Community}}
  • Official Andean Community website—{{es icon}}
  • BBC.uk: "South America launches trading bloc"—{{en icon}}
{{Andean Community of Nations}}{{Union of South American Nations topics}}{{Pan-Americanism}}{{coord|12|2|S|77|1|W|source:eswiki|display=title}}

28 : Andean Community|Andes|Customs unions|Free trade agreements|Trade blocs|Development in South America|South American integration|Economic policy in South America|Economy of South America|International organizations of the Americas|Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty|Administrative territorial entities in South America|Union of South American Nations|United Nations General Assembly observers|Economy of Bolivia|Economy of Colombia|Economy of Ecuador|Economy of Peru|Foreign relations of Bolivia|Foreign relations of Colombia|Free trade agreements of Colombia|Foreign relations of Ecuador|Foreign relations of Peru|1969 in economics|Organizations established in 1969|Organizations established in 1996|1969 establishments in South America|1996 establishments in South America
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