| 词条 | Mary Fitton |
| 释义 |
| name = Mary Fitton | image = MaryFitton.jpg | image_size = 213px | caption = Portrait of Mary Fitton circa 1595 | birth_date = June 1578 | birth_place = Gawsworth, Cheshire | death_date = 1647 | death_place = | occupation = | spouse = {{marriage|William Polwhele|1606|September 1609}} (widowed) {{marriage|John Lougher|1612|1636}} (widowed) |parents = Sir Edward Fitton Alice Halcroft | children = }} Mary Fitton (or Fytton) (Baptised 24 June 1578 – 1647) was an Elizabethan gentlewoman who became a maid of honour to Queen Elizabeth. She is noted for her scandalous affairs with William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Leveson, and others. She is considered by some to be the "Dark Lady" of Shakespeare's sonnets. FamilyFitton was the daughter of Sir Edward Fitton of Gawsworth, Cheshire and Alice Halcroft. She had at least three siblings: her elder sister Anne, who married John Newdigate in 1587 at the age of twelve, [1] and two brothers. One of her brothers was Edward Fitton.[2] Life at courtMary Fitton became a maid of honour to Queen Elizabeth in about 1595. Her father recommended her to the care of Sir William Knollys, Comptroller of the Queen's household. Sir William promised, "I will be as careful of her well doing as if I were her own true father."[3] But Knollys, then fifty years old and married, soon became suitor to Mary Fitton. He wrote of his passion to her sister and even named Mary's niece, whom he was sponsoring as godfather, "Mary". His infatuation was well known and mocked in court. In 1599, Mary had to quit the court because she was suffering from a mixture of physical and mental symptoms that Elizabethans called "suffocation of the mother", probably a form of hysteria. When she returned to court, she refused Knollys. In June 1600 Mary led a dance in the masque celebrating the fashionable wedding of Lady Anne Russell, granddaughter of the Earl of Bedford, with Henry Somerset, later created Marquess of Worcester, at Lord Cobham's residence in Blackfriars.[4] Led by Mary, the maids performed an allegorical dance and afterwards chose substitutes from the audience. Mary boldly chose the queen, telling her that she represented Affection (which then meant passionate love), to which the queen replied "Affection? Affection's false." William Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke, is known to have been present at this affair. Mary Fitton became his mistress, and was soon pregnant. In February 1601 Pembroke was sent to the Fleet Prison after admitting paternity but refusing to marry his mistress. Mary Fitton was placed with Lady Margaret Hawkins, the widow of Sir John Hopkins, for her confinement. In March 1601 she gave birth to a baby boy who died immediately (perhaps from syphilis, which it is believed Pembroke may have suffered from). Both Mary and Pembroke were dismissed from court. Life after courtMary did not seem as abashed by the business as her father, who considered it to be social ruin. Knollys tried to woo her once again, but Mary was firm. She had an affair with the married Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Leveson, bearing him two daughters.[5] He left her £100 after his death in 1605 (his wife, who was suffering from a serious mental illness,[6] had to be committed to the care of her father). After this she had an affair with Captain William Polwhele, one of Leveson's officers. She bore a son that was presumably his. Her mother was scandalized, writing to her other, married, daughter, "such shame as never had a Cheshire woman, worse now than ever. Write no more to me of her."[6] Even Mary's marriage to Polwhele did not mollify her mother; she referred to Polwhele as "a very knave". When her husband died in 1610, Mary had a son and daughter to take care of. She married again, to a Pembrokeshire captain named John Lougher. Lougher was a "gentleman lawyer" and former M.P., who once served on the court of high commission at York.[7] He died in 1636. She died in 1647 and was buried in Gawsworth, leaving a little Welsh property to her daughter who had married and had children herself. Her ghost is reputed to haunt Gawsworth Old Hall.[8] ShakespeareThe relationship with Herbert is the basis for the claim that Fitton was the "dark lady" of Shakespeare's sonnets. Herbert is one of the main candidates for the identity of the Fair Youth, a character who betrays the poet by having an affair with the Dark Lady, hence the claim that Fitton might be the lady. The suggestion was first made by Thomas Tyler in his 1890 edition of the sonnets. It was taken up by Frank Harris in several books, including The Women of Shakespeare and Shakespeare and his Love. His influential biography The Man Shakespeare asserted that Fitton had ruined Shakespeare's life and that he died "broken hearted for love of the Dark Lady."[9] Later scholars have not pursued these assertions. Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells comment that "her star waned when she was discovered to have been fair".[10] There is no hint in her authenticated biography that she was acquainted with Shakespeare. She had some known literary connections; William Kempe, who was a clown in Shakespeare's company, dedicated his Nine Daies Wonder (1600) to "Mistress Anne Fitton", Maid of Honor to Elizabeth. This may have been an error for Mary, rather than her sister Anne. There is also a sonnet addressed to her in an anonymous volume, A Womans Woorth defended against all the Men in the World. Fitton correspondenceLetters written to Mary Fitton's sister Anne Newdigate were preserved in the Newdigate family archives. In the 1890s these letters were transcribed and published by Lady Newdigate-Newdegate (the wife of Sir Edward Newdigate-Newdegate).[11][12] Footnotes1. ^[https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/portrait-of-anne-newdigate-and-mary-fitton-1592 Portrait of Anne Newdigate and Anne Fitton], British Library, Retrieved 27 May 2017 2. ^ , The National Archives: Court of Star Chamber STAC 5/H25/2, Retrieved 8 August 2018 3. ^Haynes, Alan: Sex in Elizabethan England 1997:44. 4. ^Noted in J.G. Waller, "The lords of Cobham, their monuments and the church" Archaeologia Cantiana (The Kent Archaeological Society) 1878:157. 5. ^Sam Schoenbaum, Shakespeare's Lives, Oxford University Press, 1991, p.329. 6. ^Haynes, Alan. Sex in Elizabethan England 1997:49. 7. ^1 Rosemary O'Day, "Mary Fitton", The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age, Routledge, 2012. 8. ^{{cite book |last=Ash |first=Russell |date=1973 |title=Folklore, Myths and Legends of Britain |publisher=Reader's Digest Association Limited |page=368 |isbn=9780340165973 }} 9. ^Sunil Kumar Sarker, Shakespeare's sonnets, Atlantic, 2006, p.101-2. 10. ^Paul Edmondson, Stanley Wells, Shakespeare's Sonnets, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, p. 25. 11. ^{{Cite journal|title=Review of Gossip from a Muniment Room : being passages in the Lives of Anne and Mary Fytton, 1574–1618 Transcribed and edited by Lady Newdigate-Newdegate|journal=The Athenæum|issue=No. 3656|date=20 November 1897|pages=699–700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilpDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA699}} 12. ^{{cite book|editor=Newdigate-Newdegate, Anne Emily Garnier |title=Gossip from a Muniment Room : being passages in the Lives of Anne and Mary Fytton, 1574–1618|location=London|publisher=David Nutt|year=1897|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007699179}} References
10 : British maids of honour|1578 births|1647 deaths|People from Cheshire|16th-century English people|16th-century English women|17th-century English women|Women of the Tudor period|Fitton family|Women of the Stuart period |
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