1. Early life and education

2. Early studies with radioactive Iodine

3. Human treatment with radioactive iodine

4. World War II

5. Nuclear fission products in cancer treatment

6. Later career and influence

7. Selected honors

8. See also

9. References

Saul Hertz, M.D. (April 20, 1905 – July 28, 1950) was an American physician who discovered the medical uses of radioactive iodine. Hertz pioneered the first targeted cancer therapies. Hertz is called the father of theranostics.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Early life and education

Saul Hertz was born on April 20, 1905, to Aaron Daniel (A.D.) Hertz and Bertha Hertz in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents were Jewish immigrants from what is currently Golub-Dobrzyń in Poland. The father was a successful real estate developer. The Hertzs raised their seven boys according to Orthodox traditions. Saul attended public school, and went on to graduate from the University of Michigan with Phi Beta Kappa honors. He received his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1929, at a time when there were strict quotas for outsiders. Dr. Hertz performed his internship and residency at Cleveland's Mount Sinai Hospital that had been established to serve Cleveland's East side Jewish population.^[1][2]

Early studies with radioactive Iodine

Hertz joined the Thyroid Clinic and Metabolism Laboratories at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1931.^[3] He came as a volunteer, since Jews were not paid at that time.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Hertz served as Chief of the Thyroid Clinic from 1931-1943. A "Eureka Moment" occurred on November 12, 1936 when Hertz along with his Chief of Medicine, Dr. James Howard Means attended a luncheon meeting in Harvard Medical School's Vanderbilt Hall. The speaker was Massachusetts Institute of Technology's President Karl Compton. Compton's topic was "What Physics Can Do for Biology and Medicine". Hertz spontaneously asked Compton, “Could iodine be made artificially radioactive?” ^[4] Primary sources validate Hertz as individually conceiving the medical applications of radioiodine. James Means wrote, "Our primary interest was in iodine metabolism and when it became apparent that there might be a radioactive isotope of iodine, it at once occurred to Hertz that we might make use of them to solve a problem we were already working on.” ^[5] Compton responded in a letter to Hertz on December 15, 1936, describing radioactive iodine.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Hertz had been conducting studies on the effects of iodine on thyroid functioning. His pivotal question was posed just two years after Fredrick and Irene Joliot-Curie received a Noble Prize for their discovery of artificial radioactivity.

In 1937, a collaboration began with the physicist Arthur Roberts of The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A condition of Roberts' employment included that the name of Robley Evans, director of the MIT lab, be added to any articles that would be published. The first of the Hertz/Roberts studies in rabbits evaluated the effects of non cyclotron produced I-128 which Roberts produced by neutron bombardment, based on Enrico Fermi's work.^[6] The experiment involving 48 rabbits demonstrated the tracer capabilities of radioactive iodine and its effects on the thyroid gland. The studies showed that the hyperplastic thyroid gland absorbed more of the radioactive substance than the normal gland.^[7] This proved the tracer qualities of the radioactive substance.^[8] The tracer procedure was critical for determining the amount of iodine the human thyroid took up so that a calculation of the dosage of radioactive iodine could be calibrated for treatment.^[9] Hertz and Roberts had designed and executed the research; they analyzed the data and wrote the paper; and they submitted their paper for publication with just their names. When it was at the publishers Evans insisted that his name be added and reminded Roberts of his condition of employment agreement. Evans dictated a letter for Hertz to sign so that Evans' name would be put on the paper.^[10]

At the time of the rabbit studies in 1937 Hertz predicted the therapeutic use of radioiodine for treating thyroid carcinoma.^[11]

Human treatment with radioactive iodine

Human studies required a better source of the radioactive Iodine. In 1938, Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood had developed I-131 on the University of California Berkeley's cyclotron. The building of the cyclotron at MIT was funded for $30,000 by the Mary Markle Foundation of New York City in 1938. The construction project was completed two years later in 1940. During those two years, the experiments with rabbits continued.^[12]

In early 1941, Hertz administered cyclotron-produced radioiodine (RAI), as a therapeutic dose to the first human patient at The Massachusetts General Hospital, to a patient with hyperthyroidism, Graves' Disease.^[12] This was the first successful treatment of humans with an artificially produced radioactive material.^[13]

Gradually a series of 29 patients were treated and documented. The Journal of the American Medical Association published “Radioactive Iodine in the Study of Thyroid Physiology" in the May 1946 issue. This article was a five-year follow up study of the 29 patients and documented the successful treatment and safety of radioactive iodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The follow-up study firmly launched the use of radioactive iodine therapy as a standard treatment for Graves’ Disease.^[14]

World War II

In 1943, Hertz joined the Navy Medical Corps. He was an adjunct to The Manhattan Project for biology and medicine in furthering medical uses of atomic energy. Upon his return from serving his country, Hertz learned that MGH's Dr. Earl Chapman (who had taken over Hertz's clinical trials) and MIT's Robley Evans, had submitted a paper to the Journal of American Medicine claiming priority for the discovery of the use of RAI to threat Graves' Disease. Thus two papers appeared side by side in JAMA May, 1946 with the Hertz/Roberts paper being first.^[15][16] He served as a Commander in the Naval Reserves.^[10] In a presentation given on April 5, 2016, at MGH's Paul Russell Museum, Dr James Thrall, Chairman Emeritus of the MGH Department of Radiology, stated, " ...the most flagrant, unethical academically reprehensible behavior...worst yet, these two gentlemen (Earl Chapman and Robley Evans) spent a great deal of time and effort rewriting history."{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Nuclear fission products in cancer treatment

Interest in atomic energy for peaceful purposes was heightened after the explosion of the atomic bomb. Hertz envisioned broader applications of radioisotopes in cancer treatment stating, “My new research project is in cancer of the thyroid which I believe holds the key to the larger problem of cancer in general." Hertz established the Radioactive Isotope Research Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, in September, 1946. Dr Samuel Seidlin of New York City was the associate director. Its purpose was to apply fission products to the treatment of thyroid cancer, goiter, and other malignant growths. After WWII, Hertz joined the newly expanding Boston's Beth Israel Hospital. At Beth Israel Hospital, Hertz directed the successful use of RAI in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Hertz worked with the government to centralize an agency to handle the distribution of radioactive isotopes for use by private enterprises working on approved projects. He advocated for the Atomic Energy Commission to produce iodine-131 in the government’s atomic piles (nuclear reactors) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which lowered the cost and increased radioiodine's distribution.^[17] He made extensive studies of radioactive iodine in the treatment of thyroid cancer as well as in the production of total thyroidectomy in the treatment of certain cases of heart disease.^[6] In 1949, Hertz established the first nuclear medicine department at the Massachusetts Women's Hospital where he expanded his research to use radionuclides to diagnose and treat other forms of cancer. Hertz studied the application of radioactive phosphorus and the influences of hormones on cancer as displayed by isotope studies.^[18]

Later career and influence

Hertz research established a paradigm change. He influenced the development of the convergence of the sciences in the quest to conquer cancer through his research and instruction at both Harvard and MIT. He was an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School and Harvard University from 1946 to 1950. His teaching included an attachment to the Nuclear Physics Department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1939 to 1950.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}Today there are joint programs offering Ph.D/M.D dual degrees, worldwide.

The development of radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease is the cornerstone of nuclear medicine.^[14]Barbara Bush, who was successfully treated with radioiodine, wrote to Vitta Hertz, his widow, “It is comforting to know that so many people are well because of the scientific expertise of people like Dr. Hertz.” ^[19]

Currently{{when|date=January 2019}} there is a renaissance in the use of radionuclides to diagnose and treat cancer, called theranostics. Yttrium 90 (Y-90) and Lutetium -177 (Lu-177) are being used to diagnose and treat neuroendocrine tumors. The use of dosimetry has its origin in Hertz's work. Alpha targeted therapy is extending the lives of those with neuroblastomas (brain tumors). The use of the protein called NIS, that is needed for the thyroid to take up the RAI in the treatment of thyroid carcinoma is being explored to treat breast cancer. Additionally I-131 is being utilized in the treatment of stem cell replacement for leukemia patients.

Hertz died on July 28, 1950 at age forty-five of a sudden death heart attack.

Selected honors

• Dalton Scholar - Massachusetts General Hospital - 1931 - 1933
• Henry Pickering Wolcott Fellow - Harvard Medical School - 1935 - 1937
• Key to Science/Sigma XI - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Scientific Society) - 1940

See also

• Nuclear Medicine
• Radioactive iodine
• Hyperthyroidism

References

• Hewitson's tiger-wing
• Hewitt, Andrew
• Hewitt, Anthony
• Hewitt Avenue Trestle
• Hewitt Bay
• Hewitt Campau Wells
• Hewitt, Charles
• Hewitt, David
• Hewitt-Dudley Memorial Trophy
• Hewitt Gymnasium
• Hewittia
• Hewittia gracilis
• Hewitt, James
• Hewitt, John Haskell
• Hewitt, Joseph
• Hewitt Lake
• Hewitt Lake (disambiguation)
• Hewitt Lake (Washington)
• Hewitt, Mark
• Hewitt, Martin
• Hewitt Peak
• Hewitt, Peter
• Hewitt Place, Wyoming
• Hewitt Public School
• Hewitt, Richard