“Seyne”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Seyne is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in southeastern France. It is around 30 km north of Digne.

The official name of the municipality, as listed by the INSEE official geographic code, is Seyne. However, it is known locally as "Seyne-les-Alpes", a

name not officially recognized with a decree. It should not be confused with the town of La Seyne-sur-Mer in the Var department.

The name for its inhabitants is "Seynois".^[1] More rarely today, "Seynards" and "Seynardes" is used locally.

Geography

Geology and landforms

The village is situated at an altitude of {{convert|1260|m}}.^[2] The Seyne Valley, known for its rich soil, is nicknamed the Swiss Provençal.^[3]

Hydrography

It is crossed by the {{Interlanguage link multi|Blanche (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)|fr|3=Blanche (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)|lt=Blanche}}, a tributary of the Durance.^[4]

Communication and transport

Seyne is accessible by the highway RD 900, between Le Lauzet-Ubaye in the north, and Digne in the south. The nearest SNCF railway station is the {{Interlanguage link multi|Gare de Digne|fr}}.

Environment

Toponymy

The name of the village, as it appeared for the first time in 1147 (in Sedena), is thought to refer to the Gallic tribe of the Édenates, or to be built on the root *Sed-, for rock, according to Charles Rostaing.^[5] According to {{ILL|Bénédicte and Jean-Jacques Fénie|fr|Bénédicte et Jean-Jacques Fénie}}, the name comes from a Pre-Celtic root oronym (mountain toponym), *Sed-.^[6] The municipality is named Sanha in the Vivaro-Alpine dialect and Provençal dialect of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Classical norm of Occitan|fr|3=Norme classique de l'occitan|lt=classical norm}}, and Sagno in the Mistralian norm.

History

Antiquity

Before the Roman conquest, Seyne was the capital of the Édénates.^[7] It held the status of civitas under the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages

The death of Joanna I of Naples opened a succession crisis at the head of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Comté de Provence|fr}}. The towns of the Union of Aix (1382-1387) supported Charles, Duke of Durazzo against Louis I, Duke of Anjou. The community supported the Durazzo side until 18 September 1385, then changed camp and joined the Angevins through the patient negotiations of Marie de Blois, Louis I's widow and regent of their son Louis II.^[13] The surrender of Seyne involved the communities of Couloubrous and Beauvillars.^[14]

The fair held in Seyne in the late Middle Ages benefitted from its crossroads location, and continued until the end of the Ancien Regime.^[15]^[16] Seyne was a baillie which subsequently became a seneschal headquarters: It included the communities of Auzet, Barles, La Bréole, Montclar, Pontis, Selonnet, Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne, Saint-Vincent, Ubaye, Verdaches, Le Vernet.^[17]

The community of Beauvillars, which had 88 feus at the enumeration of 1316,^[10] depended administratively upon Seyne.^[18] In the 15th century, the inhabitants of Beauvillars, who had wanted to secede, were massacred, the survivors were deported, and the name of Beauvillars was erased from the archives.^[2]

The community of Couloubrous (Colobrosium, cited in the 13th century), was also attached to 15th century Seyne.^[19] There were 19 feus in 1316,^[10] and it also had a {{Interlanguage link multi|Consulat (Ancien Régime)|fr|3=Consulat (Ancien Régime)|lt=consulate}}.^[20]

Early modern (1483-1789)

In the middle of the 16th century, Protestantism took root in Seyne. Through the Edict of Amboise (1563), adherents of this religion were allowed to build a place of worship, but outside the municipality.^[21]

The town was captured and looted by Protestant captain {{Interlanguage link multi|Paulon de Mauvans|fr}} in the summer of 1560, during the Wars of Religion.^[22] The town was again attacked by Protestants in 1574,^[23] who this time held it thereafter. The {{Interlanguage link multi|Nicolas Mas-Castellane|fr|3=Nicolas Mas-Castellane|lt=Baron of Germany}} hid here in 1585, before the offensive of the Catholic League,^[24] without preventing the capture of the city by the Duke of Épernon.^[25] During the siege, the bell tower was destroyed.^[26]

At the end of the Wars of Religion, the Duke of Lesdiguières established a camp where he prepared his campaign to take Provence back from the Catholic Leaguers.^[27]

The Protestant Reformation had despite this fighting some success in Seyne, and some of the town's inhabitants remained Protestant. The Protestant community remained into the 17th century around their church, through the Edict of Nantes (1598). However, the Edict of Fontainebleau abolished the provisions of the edict of Nantes in 1688. It was fatal to the Protestant community, which disappeared, its people either emigrating or converted by force.^[28]

In 1656, the two hospitals (Hôtel-Dieu and hospital Saint-Jacques) merged into a single institution and moved to a shared building in 1734.^[12]

In 1690, the Marquis de Parelle led the Piedmontaise army of 5,000 men down from the Ubaye Valley and besieged Seyne. The city was forced to negotiate since the medieval enclosure was insufficient to ensure its defence, and a ransom was set at 11,000 livres. However, the militia of Provence and the {{Interlanguage link multi|53e régiment d'infanterie|fr|3=53e régiment d'infanterie|lt=regiment of Alsace}} succeeded in driving them back.^[29] On 24 December, funds were found and new bastions were built by Niquet. The new wall completed in August 1691 left the great tower outside of the city, but reinforced.^[30]

After a more serious alert in 1692, the entire Alpine border was reconsidered by Sebastien Vauban. In December 1692, he asked for the construction of a citadel including the great tower. {{Interlanguage link multi|Guy Creuzet de Richerand|fr|3=Guy Creuzet de Richerand|lt=Richerand}} led the work from 1693 to 1699. Although not satisfied during his inspection tour in 1700, Vauban failed to modify the fortifications, in part by building redoubts of setbacks in the north. The annexation of Ubay by the Treaty of Utrecht removed the threat sufficiently for the work to be deferred indefinitely,^[31] (except for repairs to the walls in 1786).^[32]

The city was occupied in this condition by the Austro-Sardes in 1748 during the War of the Austrian Succession and again in 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.^[33] The city was almost disarmed at the end of the Ancien Régime, with nine guns served by a garrison of three invalids, and an arsenal of 93 guns.^[32]

The city was the seat of a viguerie until the French Revolution^[34] and an office of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Mail in France|fr|3=Poste en France|lt=Poste Royale}} at the end of the Ancien Régime.^[35]

French Revolution

Just before the French Revolution, unrest mounted. Several years of fiscal problems preceded a bad harvest in 1788 and a very cold winter of 1788-89. The election of the Estates-General of 1789 was prepared by elections for {{Interlanguage link multi|States of Provence|fr|3=États de Provence}} in 1788 and in January 1789, which highlighted the political oppositions of class and caused some agitation.^[36] At the end of March, as the cahiers de doléances were drawn up, a wave of insurrection shook Provence. A wheat riot occurred in Seyne on 29 March.^[37] Peasants^[38] gathered, protesting with shouts and threatens against the wealthy. However, the riot went no further, and did not cause any changes, unlike others in the region.^[39]

At first, reaction consisted in gathering the Maréchaussée staff. Then lawsuits were commissioned by the Parliament of Aix-en-Provence, but sentences were not carried out because of the storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear. In appeasement, an amnesty was announced in early August.^[40]

The fall of the Bastille was welcomed and thought to presage the end of arbitrary use of royal power, and perhaps profound changes. The advent of the new regime triggered a great phenomenon of collective fear that seized France, fear of an aristocrats conspiring to recover their privileges.

Rumours of armed soldiers devastating everything in their path spread rapidly, accompanied by gunfire, violence against nobles, and the organization of militias. The Great Fear came from Tallard, and awareness of the fear of the Mâconnais reached Seyne on the evening of 31 July 1789.^[41] The {{Interlanguage link multi|Consulat (Ancien Régime)|fr|3=Consulat (Ancien Régime)|lt=consuls}} of Turriers and Bellaffaire, warned by those at Gap that a troop of 5-6,000 brigands was headed to Haute-Provence after plundering the Dauphiné, sent word to the consuls of Seyne,^[32] who sent word to Sisteron^[32] and Digne, thereby spreading the Great Fear.^[41] They also warned all parishes within the purview of the viguerie of Seyne, and sent messengers to Gap and Embrun to ask for news.^[32] The arsenal of the citadel was requisitioned, and 93 guns and nine cannons were distributed in Seyne and the villages of Saint-Pons, Selonnet and Chardavon. Men took refuge with their furniture and livestock away from the walls of the citadel.^[32]

That night, messengers from Rochebrune and La Motte confirmed the news, and added that Romans-sur-Isère had been sacked. From the south, disquieting news arrived of the occupation of Castellane by 4,000 {{Interlanguage link multi|Barbétisme|fr|3=Barbétisme|lt=Barbets}} and the advance of 1,000 Piedmont soldiers in the Durance Valley. On 2 August, the panic declined, as the facts became clearer. However, a significant change took place. All communities Department were to be armed, organized to defend themselves and to defend their neighbours. A sense of solidarity was born within communities and between neighbouring communities, and the consuls usually decided to maintain the National Guard on foot. As soon as the fear had settled, the authorities disarmed workers and landless peasants, and kept only landowners and business owners in the National Guard.^[32]

The {{Interlanguage link multi|Club politique|fr|3=Club politique|lt=patriotic society}} of the municipality was created in the summer of 1792.^[42]

19th century

Seyne saw some industrialization in the 19th century with the development of textile industries.^[10]

As with many municipalities in this department, Seyne had schools well before the Jules Ferry laws. In 1863, it had five, one in the town proper and also in the villages of Pompiery, Bas-Chardavon, Pons and Couloubroux. These schools provided primary education for boys.^[43] In the main town, a school for girls was mandated by the Falloux Laws of 1851.^[44] The commune took advantage of subsidies from the second Duruy Law (1877) to rebuild or renovate its schools. Only the Bas-Chardavon school was not addressed.^[45]

Politics and administration

Trends in policies and results

List of mayors

Environmental policy

Administration

A brigade of the National Gendarmerie is located in the town center of Seyne.^[51]

Population and society

Demography

Demographic evolution

In 2012, Seyne had 1419 inhabitants. Its population had been stagnant since 1999. In the 21st century, communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants only have a census every five years (2004, 2009 and 2014, etc. for Seyne). Since 2004, the other figures are estimates.

In 2008, the commune was 6,862nd in size in the national rankings. It was 6,215th in 1999, and of the 200 communes in the departement it ranked 22nd.

The demographic history of Seyne, after the population losses of the 14th and 15th centuries, and the long period of growth until the beginning of the 19th century, was marked by a period of 'spread' where the population remained relatively stable at a high level. This period lasted from 1821 to 1861. The {{Interlanguage link multi|Rural exodus in France|fr|3=Exode rural en France|lt=rural exodus}} then caused a trend of long-term demographic decline. By 1921, the town had lost more than half its population from its maximum in 1846.^[52] The drop continued until the 1970s. Since then, population growth has resumed but without returning to the level of 1911.

Age pyramid

The population of the commune is relatively old. The proportion of people over 60 (34.1%) is higher than in France as a whole (21.6%) and the department (27.3%). Like national and departmental allocations, the female population of the commune is greater than the male population. The rate (52.2%) is of a similar order of magnitude as the national rate (51.6%).

The distribution of the population of the commune by age is, in 2007, as follows:

Education

Health

Economy

Industry

Tourism

The commune has a Alpine skiing ski station at Le Grand Puy and a Nordic skiing station at Col du Fanget. Formerly, the town had one or two ski lifts to Col Saint-Jean.

The {{Interlanguage link multi|Sentier de grande randonnée 6|fr|3=Sentier de grande randonnée 6|lt=Long-distance trail #6}}, connecting Sainte-Foy to Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye, crosses Seyne.

Local culture and heritage

Sites and monuments

Fortifications

The rest of the city wall enclosure in fact consisted of the walls of houses, built continuously, without openings to the outside.^[61]

In 1690-1691, the engineer Niquet began construction of a new, much larger enclosure with nine bastion towers, of which six survive.^[62] These towers had two levels, the lower a pentagonal, a design innovation of Niquet.^[63] The construction was reviewed by Vauban, who requested the addition of a citadel during his visit in 1692. The {{Interlanguage link multi|citadel of Seyne|fr|3=Citadelle de Seyne}} was built by {{Interlanguage link multi|Guy Creuzet de Richerand|fr|3=Guy Creuzet de Richerand}}, beginning in 1693, and completed in 1700.^[62] This citadel, too narrow, known as Vauban but which did not satisfy him during his inspection trip,^[62] dominates the {{Interlanguage link multi|Blanche (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)|fr|3=Blanche (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)|lt=Blanche}} Valley, {{convert|200|m}} long by {{convert|50|m}} wide. It incorporates an old tower modified to accommodate artillery, is equipped with a barracks, and entry was barred, on the town side, by a tenaille.^[64] The wall was completed in 1705.^[59]

The {{Interlanguage link multi|Place forte|fr|3=Place forte|lt=stronghold}}, at the front line at the time of its construction, was found in the third line after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which reunited the Ubaye Valley with France, was defended by two invalid companies to the Revolution, and a reduced garrison during the period between 1790-1815. The restoration added an advanced battery^[64] or hornwork, a rebuilt door (1821), and some casemates for rear firing and caponiers.^[59] It was decommissioned in 1866, then occupied by a single guard from 1887 to 1907, when it was sold.^[65] Passed from hand to hand, the commune bought it in 1977, and has since begun restoration work. The enclosure is a listed historic monument.^[66]

Civil architecture

Several houses on the streets of the old center date from the 17th century, including the old town hall on the main street and a house nearby from 1788, with an arched gate. Another house on the high street dates from 1605. A further house on the high street dates from 1708 and, nearby, a one more from the end of the Middle Ages, of which the overhang is supported by corbels of wood mouldings.^[67] Other houses on the high street, retained in front of the arches, have characteristic medieval elements. However, these date to the 18th century.^[68]

The hospital was built in 1734.^[69] A carved bench, leather seat, and a five foot long table of beech from the 17th and the 18th centuries, currently kept at the town hall, originally came from the hospital.^[70] These items are classified as historic monument objects.^[71]^[72]

The Church of Our Lady of Nazareth

The {{Interlanguage link multi|Église Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth de Seyne|fr|3=Église Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth de Seyne|lt=Church of Our Lady of Nazareth}} (Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth), built in Romanesque style, has completely retained its initial appearance.^[73] Legendarily attributed to Charlemagne, in fact construction of the present building can be traced back to the middle of the 12th century.^[74] The western façade is decorated with a large rose window with twelve rays^[75] and a sundial, composed on a marble slab, dating from 1878.^[76] The old porch has disappeared.^[77] Its arched portal has retained its carved capitals.^[26]

The nave, {{convert|28|ft|order=flip}} long and {{convert|14.5|m}} high,^[26] has three arched barrel bays,^[74] and is separated with a double-roll of a double-arch.^[78] The chancel has a flat chevet and is also barrel-vaulted. In front of the choir, two side chapels form a false transept.^[74] The portal of the south façade is Gothic, from the 13th or 14th century, notable for being framed by two separations of arches which rely on the surrounding buttresses.^[26]

The church spire was rebuilt after the siege of the Duke of Épernon. Some renovation work (repointing, restoration of the southwestern buttresses) was done in 1967.^[26]

The capitals have carved human faces and characters with bodies twisted by torments that devils impose upon them.^[74] The baptismal fonts are {{convert|4|m}} in diameter. The church has been a classified historic monument since 1862.^[80]

The Holy Family altarpiece was painted directly onto the panel of the retable, in archaic style, during the 17th century.^[81] The wooden pulpit, carved and decorated, dates to the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries^[82] and is also a listed object.^[83]

Finally, the priest has full vestments (chasuble, dalmatic, clevis, veil covering the chalice, purse, stole, maniple), satin brocade, with colourful ornaments, and an undecorated cross of a landscape, from the 18th century. This set is unique in the department,^[90] and is also listed as an historic object.^[91]

Dominican Church

The Church of the Dominican Order, of classic style, has a relatively complex layout. In a nave with six bays, each wide span is followed by a narrow span, all flattened and barrel-vaulted. The narrow spans are filled with an oeil-de-boeuf, while the wide aisles are square bays.^[92]

Six reliquary busts, from the 17th century, are still archaic style^[93] and are listed as historic objects.^[94] The church is decorated with a Crucifixion of Jesus from the 17th century, in which Christ is surrounded by all the instruments of the Passion,{{what|date=November 2017}} two penitents and two angels,^[95] and is also a listed object.^[96] The convent, which forms part of the church, was built in 1683 and is a registered monument.^[97] The veil of the Saint-Sacrement of the church is golden embroidered silk (67 cm by 71 cm). It represents two angels in prayer on either side of an altar on which a silver lamb has been sacrificed.^[98] This veil has been a listed object since 1908.^[99]

Chapels

Museums

Events

Notable people

Heraldry

Further reading

Bibliography

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://tresordesregions.mgm.fr/|title=Canton de Seyne - Le Trésor des régions|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|first=Michel|last=de La Torre|title=Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: le guide complet des 200 communes|language=fr|trans-title=Alpes de Haute Provence: The complete guide to the 200 communes|publisher=Deslogis-Lacoste|location=Paris|year=1989|isbn=2-7399-5004-7}}
3. ^{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Overal|title=Seyne et sa flore|journal=Chroniques de Haute-Provence|publisher=Revue de la Société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|year=2012|issue=369|volume=132|issn=0240-4672|page=130}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://services.sandre.eaufrance.fr/Courdo/Fiche/client/fiche_courdo.php?CdSandre=X0500640|title=La Blanche (X0500640)|publisher=Sandre|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
5. ^{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Rostaing|authorlink=Charles Rostaing|title=Essai sur la toponymie de la Provence (depuis les origines jusqu’aux invasions barbares)|language=fr|trans-title=An essay on the Geographic Names of Provence (from the origins to the barbarian invasions)|publisher=Laffite Reprints|location=Marseille|year=1973|id=(1st édition 1950)|pages=243–244}}
6. ^{{cite book|first1=Bénédicte|last1=Fénié|first2=Jean-Jacques |last2=Fénié|title=Toponymie provençale|language=fr|trans-title=Provencal Toponymy|publisher=Éditions Sud-Ouest|year=2002|isbn=978-2-87901-442-5|page=31}}
7. ^{{cite book|id=Carte 12 : Peuples et habitats de l’époque pré-romaine|first1=Édouard|last1=Baratier|first2=Georges|last2=Duby|first3=Ernest|last3=Hildesheimer|authorlink1=Édouard Baratier|authorlink2=Georges Duby|authorlink3=Ernest Hildesheimer|title=Atlas historique. Provence, Comtat Venaissin, principauté d’Orange, comté de Nice, principauté de Monaco|language=fr|trans-title=Historical Atlas. Comtat Venaissin, Principality of Orange, County of Nice, Provence, Principality of Monaco|location=Paris|publisher=Librairie Armand Colin|year=1969}} (BnF no. FRBNF35450017h)
8. ^Géraldine Bérard, Carte archéologique, p. 452.
9. ^¹{{cite book|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1849_num_10_1_452217|first=Augustin|last=de Loye|title=Des Édenates et de la ville de Seyne en Provence|publisher=Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes|year=1849|volume=10|page=400}}
10. ^¹²³⁴Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, p. 200
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bec_0373-6237_1963_num_121_1_449652|first=André|last=Gouron|title=Diffusion des consulats méridionaux et expansion du droit romain aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles|language=fr|trans-title=Dissemination of southern consulates and expansion of Roman law in the 12th and 13th centuries|publisher=Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes|year=1963|volume=121|page=37}}
12. ^¹{{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Collier|authorlink=Raymond Collier|title=La Haute-Provence monumentale et artistique|language=fr|trans-title=Monuments and Arts of Haute-Provence|location=Digne|publisher=Imprimerie Louis Jean|year=1986|id=559 p.|page=434}}
13. ^{{cite journal|first=Geneviève|last=Xhayet|title=Partisans et adversaires de Louis d'Anjou pendant la guerre de l'Union d'Aix|language=fr|trans-title=Supporters and opponents of Louis of Anjou during the War of the Aix Union|journal=Provence historique|publisher=Fédération historique de Provence|volume=40|issue=162|id="Autour de la guerre de l'Union d'Aix"|year=1990|pages=417–418 and 419}}
14. ^Geneviève Xhayet, p. 425.
15. ^Louis Stouff, carte 86: Port, routes et foires du XIIIe au XVe siècles (Map 86: Port, Roads and Fairs From the 13th to the 15th Centuries), in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer
16. ^Baratier and Hilsdesheimer, "carte 122: Les foires (1713-1789)" (Map 122: Fairs (1713-1789), in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer
17. ^de Loye, p. 404-405.
18. ^Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, p. 164.
19. ^Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, p. 172.
20. ^Édouard Baratier, "carte 45: Les consulats de Provence et du Comtat (XIIe-XIIIe siècles)" (Map 45: Constulates of Provence and of the Comtat (12th-13th Centuries), in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, Atlas historique de la Provence….
21. ^{{cite journal|first=Yvette|last=Isnard|title=Les dynasties seigneuriales d’Oraison|language=fr|journal=Chroniques de Haute-Provence|location=Digne-les-Bains|publisher=Société littéraire et scientifique des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|year=2012|issue=368|page=34}}
22. ^{{citation|first=Jacques|last=Cru|title=Histoire des Gorges du Verdon jusqu’à la Révolution|language=fr|trans-title=History of the Verdon Gorges to the Revolution|publisher={{Interlanguage link multi|Édisud|fr}} and {{Interlanguage link multi|Parc naturel régional du Verdon|fr}}|year=2001|isbn=2-7449-0139-3|page=195}}
23. ^Jacques Cru, p. 200.
24. ^Jacques Cru, p. 202.
25. ^{{cite journal|title=XVe journée archéologique|journal=Annales de Haute-Provence|issue=308|year=1989|page=17}}
26. ^¹²³⁴Raymond Collier, p. 89.
27. ^Yvette Isnard, p. 40.
28. ^Édouard Baratier, "Les Protestants en Provence" (Protestants in Provence), maps 118 and 119 with commentary in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer
29. ^{{cite book|first=Henri|last=Ribière|id="Colmars-les-Alpes" Amis des forts Vauban de Colmars et Association Vauban|title=Vauban et ses successeurs dans les Alpes de Haute-Provence|trans-title=Vauban and Successors in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|language=fr|publisher=Association Vauban|location=Paris|year=1992|page=94}}
30. ^Guy Silve, p. 82
31. ^Guy Silve, p. 82-83
32. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|url=http://www.bassesalpes.fr/grandepeur.html|first=G.|last=Gauvin|id=La grande peur dans les Basses-Alpes|title=Annales des Basses-Alpes|volume=XII|year=1905–1906}}
33. ^Guy Silve, p. 83-84
34. ^{{cite journal|title=La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes|id=Annales de Haute-Provence|journal=bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|issue=307|year=1989|volume=108|page=107}}
35. ^{{cite book|first=Émile|last=Lauga|title=La poste dans les Basses-Alpes, ou l’histoire du courrier de l’Antiquité à l’aube du XXe siècle|language=fr|trans-title=Mail in the Lower Alps, or the history of old mail to the dawn of the 20th Century|location=Digne-les-Bains|publisher=Éditions de Haute-Provence|year=1994|isbn=2-909800-64-4|page=58}}
36. ^{{cite journal|url=http://provence-historique.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/1986/Pages/PH-1986-36-145_03.aspx|first=Monique|last=Cubells|title=Les mouvements populaires du printemps 1789 en Provence|trans-title=Popular Movements in the Spring of 1798|journal=Provence historique|volume=36|issue=145|year=1986|page=309}}
37. ^M. Cubells, p. 310 and 312
38. ^M. Cubells, p. 313
39. ^M. Cubells, p. 316
40. ^M. Cubells, p. 322
41. ^¹Michel Vovelle, "Les troubles de Provence en 1789" (Unrest in Provence in 1789), map 154 and commentary, in Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer
42. ^{{cite journal|first=Patrice|last=Alphand|id=Les Sociétés populaires|title=La Révolution dans les Basses-Alpes, Annales de Haute-Provence|trans-title=Civic Societies: Revolution on the Basses-Alpes|journal=bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|issue=307|year=1989|volume=108|pages=296–297}}
43. ^{{cite book|first=Jean-Christophe|last=Labadie|title=Les Maisons d’école|location=Digne-les-Bains|publisher=Archives départementales des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|year=2013|isbn=978-2-86-004-015-0|page=9}}
44. ^Labadie, p. 16.
45. ^Labadie, p. 11.
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.basses-alpes39-45.fr/resistance/liberation/presentation.php|title=La Libération|publisher=Basses-Alpes 39-45|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
47. ^Guy Derbez is one of 500 elected representatives who sponsored the candidacy of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (UDF) in the presidential election of 1981 {{cite journal|publisher=Conseil constitutionnel|title=liste des élus ayant présenté les candidats à l’élection du Président de la République|work=Journal officiel de la République française|date=15 April 1981|page=1061}}
48. ^¹{{cite book|title=Francis Hermitte est candidat aux municipales|publisher=La Provence|date=13 January 2013|page=11}}
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51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alpes-de-haute-provence.gouv.fr/content/download/2481/14378/file/2012_carte_repartition_des_brigades_de_gendarmerie.pdf|work=Groupement de gendarmerie départementale des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|title=Carte des Brigades de Gendarmerie|publisher=Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|accessdate=1 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180250/http://www.alpes-de-haute-provence.gouv.fr/content/download/2481/14378/file/2012_carte_repartition_des_brigades_de_gendarmerie.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016|df=}}
52. ^{{cite journal|url=http://provence-historique.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/1971/Pages/PH-1971-21-085_06.aspx|first=Christiane|last=Vidal|title=Chronologie et rythmes du dépeuplement dans le département des Alpes de Haute-Provence depuis le début du XIX' siècle.|language=fr|trans-title=Chronology and depopulation of rhythms in the Alpes de Haute-Provence since the beginning of the nineteenth century.|publisher=Provence historique|volume=21|issue=85|year=1971|page=288}}
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58. ^Collier, p. 308
59. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=IA04000043|title=Notice no IA04000043|work=Base Mérimée|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
60. ^Raymond Collier, p. 322
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62. ^¹²Raymond Collier, p. 323
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=IA04000041|title=fortification d'agglomération dite enceinte médiévale|work=Base Mérimée|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
64. ^¹Collier, p. 324
65. ^Guy Silve, p. 84
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PA00080484|title=Citadelle (ancienne)|work=Base Mérimée|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
67. ^Raymond Collier, p. 369
68. ^Raymond Collier, p. 369-370
69. ^Collier, p. 370
70. ^Collier, p. 518
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000420|title=Monuments historiques - table|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000419|title=Monuments historiques - banquette|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
73. ^Collier, p. 74
74. ^¹²³Collier, p. 88
75. ^Collier, p. 80
76. ^{{cite book|first1=Jean-Marie|last1=Homet|first2=Franck|last2=Rozet|title=Cadrans solaires des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|publisher=Édisud|location=Aix-en-Provence|year=2002|isbn=2-7449-0309-4|page=101}}
77. ^Collier, p. 81
78. ^Collier, p. 75
79. ^Collier, p. 519
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PA00080486|title=Monuments historiques|work=base Mérimée|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
81. ^Collier, p. 477.
82. ^Collier,p. 517.
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000422|title=Monuments historiques - chaire à prêcher|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000414|title=Monuments historiques - croix de procession|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000410|title=Monuments historiques - haut-relief : sainte Madeleine|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000406|title=Monuments historiques - autel, tabernacle|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture=|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000404|title=Monuments historiques - tableau : sainte famille (la)|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000598|title=Monuments historiques - bénitier|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
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90. ^Collier, p. 531
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000405|title=Monuments historiques - chape, dalmatiques (2), chasuble|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
92. ^Collier, p. 229
93. ^Collier, p. 470.
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000418|title=bustes-reliquaires (6) : saint Placide, saint Prospère, sainte Candide, sainte Victoire, saint Justinien, saint Lucidius|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
95. ^Collier, p. 478
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000417|title=tableau : Christ et les instruments de la passion entre deux anges et deux Pénitents (le)|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
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98. ^{{cite book|first=Jean-Christophe|last=Labadie|title=Des Anges|language=fr|trans-title=The Angels|publisher=Musée départemental d’art religieux|location=Digne-les-Bains|work=catalogue de l’exposition à la cathédrale Saint-Jérôme (5 juillet-30 septembre 2013)|year=2013|isbn=978-2-86004014-3|page=21}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000409|title=Historic Monuments: Veil of the Blesses Sacrament|language=French|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
100. ^Collier, p. 225
101. ^Collier, p. 188
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/palissy_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=REF&VALUE_1=PM04000746|title=calice|work=Base Palissy|publisher=French Minister of Culture|accessdate=1 April 2015}}
103. ^Baratier, Duby & Hildesheimer, p. 149
104. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/pharm_0995-838X_1921_num_9_30_1394|title=Les grands pharmaciens : X. Les pharmaciens de Napoléon|journal=Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la pharmacie|volume=9|issue=30|year=1921|page=325}}
105. ^{{cite book|first=Louis|last=de Bresc|title=Armorial des communes de Provencelanguage=fr|trans-title=Armorial of the communes of Provence|year=1866|id=Republished, Marcel Petit CPM - Raphèle-lès-Arles 1994}}