“Anemone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Anemone {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|m|ə|n|iː}} is a genus of about 200 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to temperate zones. The genus is closely related to Pulsatilla ('Pasque flower') and Hepatica; some botanists even include both of these genera within Anemone.

Description

Anemone are perennials that have basal leaves with long leaf-stems that can be upright or prostrate. Leaves are simple or compound with lobed, parted, or undivided leaf blades. The leaf margins are toothed or entire.

Flowers with 4–27 sepals are produced singly, in cymes of 2–9 flowers, or in umbels, above a cluster of leaf- or sepal-like bracts. Sepals may be any color. The pistils have one ovule. The flowers have nectaries, but petals are missing in the majority of species.

The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shaped achenes that are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems. The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them.{{sfn|Flora of North America}}

Anemone are called "wind flowers." Anemone is derived from the Greek word anemoi, which in English means "winds" .

Taxonomy

Anemone is situated in the tribe, Anemoneae, subfamily Ranunculoideae, of the Ranunculaceae family.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}} As considered in the broader sense (sensu lato) the genus subsumes a number of previously independent genera including Hepatica, Pulsatilla, Knowltonia, Barneoudia and Oreithales.{{sfn|Hoot et al|2012}} Several of these were included as separate genera within Anemoneae by Wang et al., a tribe with six genera in total.{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}}

Early molecular analyses divided the genus into two subgenera (Anemonidium and Anemone), with seven sections, and 12 informal subsections.{{sfn|Hoot et al|1994}} Ziman and colleagues (2008) treated the genus Anemone as 5 subgenera, 23 sections, 4 subsections, 23 series and about 118 species.{{sfn|Ziman et al|2011}} A further reclassification by Hoot and colleagues (2012) estimated 200 species.{{sfn|Hoot et al|2012}}

Hoot et al. found many of the previously defined subdivisions, based on morphological characteristics were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. In contrast two clearly defined monophyletic clades emerged corresponding to the above two subgenera. Anemonidium demonstrated four subclades, corresponding to sections. The larger subgenus Anemone showed a similar pattern.

Selected species

The 2008 Flora of North America estimated there were 150 species of Anemone,{{sfn|Flora of North America}} including:

Former Pulsatilla species

Former Hepatica species

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Greek anemōnē means "daughter of the wind", from ánemos the wind god + feminine patronymic suffix -ōnē (i.e. daughter).^[3] The Metamorphoses of Ovid tells that the plant was created by the goddess Venus when she sprinkled nectar on the blood of her dead lover Adonis. The name "windflower" is used for the whole genus as well as the wood anemone A. nemorosa.^[4]

Ecology

Diseases and pests

Anemone species are sometimes targeted by cutworms, the larvae of noctuid moths such as Angle Shades and Heart and Dart.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Cultivation

Many of the species are popular garden plants, providing colour throughout the season from early Spring into Autumn. Numerous cultivars have been selected. In horticultural terms there are three main groups:

Of the late spring bulbs, Anemone blanda is one of the species grown in larger-scale commercial cultivation. It is most commonly available with a somewhat pale violet flower. A white-flowered form is the second-most common type. The least common of the commonly cultivated forms is a pale pink. The violet, and especially pink, forms often possess petals that fade to white near the flower center. The genus contains many other spring-flowering plants, of which A. hortensis and the hybrid A. fulgens have less divided leaves and splendid{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}} rosy-purple or scarlet flowers. They require similar treatment.^[6]

Among the most well-known summer anemones is A. coronaria, often called the poppy anemone, a tuberous-rooted plant, with parsley-like divided leaves, and large showy{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}} poppy-like blossoms on stalks of from 15–20 cm high; the flowers are of various colours, but the principal are scarlet, crimson, blue, purple, and white. There are also double-flowered varieties, in which the stamens in the centre are replaced by a tuft of narrow petals. It is an old garden favourite{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}}, and of the double forms there are named varieties.^[6] Hybrids of the de Caen and St. Brigid groups are the most prevalent on the market.

Anemones{{Ambiguous|date=December 2018}} grow best in a loamy soil, enriched with well-rotted manure, which should be dug in below the tubers{{Ambiguous|date=December 2018}}. These may be planted in October, and for succession in January, the autumn-planted ones being protected by a covering of leaves or short stable litter. They will flower in May and June, and when the leaves have ripened should be taken up into a dry room till planting time. They are easily raised{{Dubious|date=December 2018}} from the seed, and a bed of the single varieties is a valuable addition to a flower-garden, as it affords, in a warm situation, an abundance of handsome{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}} and often brilliant{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}} spring flowers, almost as early as the snowdrop or crocus.^[6] Anemone{{Ambiguous|date=December 2018}} thrives in partial shade, or in full sun provided they are shielded from the hottest sun in southern areas. A well-drained soil, enriched with compost, is ideal.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

If cut flowers are desired, it is best to harvest the flowers early in the morning while it is still cold outside while the bloom is still closed. To open your flowers place in room temperature water out of direct sun. Anemones{{Ambiguous|date=December 2018}} are a great{{Peacock term|date=December 2018}} cut flower and will give you around nine days of vase life when properly cared for. Anemone{{Ambiguous|date=December 2018}} blooms can be purchased from a florist between November and June depending upon availability.

Anemone in culture

The anemone has several different meanings depending on the culture and context in which the flower is being used.

Several of the Western meanings of anemone flowers pertain to the Greek Mythology of the origin of the anemone flower featuring Adonis and Aphrodite. The goddess Aphrodite kept the mortal man Adonis as a lover; when Adonis was gored by a wild boar, Aphrodite's tears at his death mixed with his blood and gave rise to the Anemone flower.^[7] In other versions, the boar was sent by other jealous Greek gods to murder Adonis.^[8] These origin stories reflect the Classical dual meanings of the arrival of spring breezes and the death of a loved one.

In the Victorian language of flowers, the anemone represented a forsaken love of any kind, while European peasants carried them to ward off pests and disease as well as bad luck.

In other cultures, the meanings can be very different. In Chinese and Egyptian cultures, the flower was considered a symbol of illness due to its coloring. It can be a symbol of bad luck in Eastern cultures, and because of its origins the Japanese Anemone tends to be associated with ill tidings.{{sfn|Flower meaning|2016}}

Gallery

References

1. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?664 | title = Genus: Anemone L. | accessdate = 2008-05-15 | author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network | date = 2007-05-10 | work = Taxonomy for Plants | publisher = USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland }}
2. ^{{cite web | url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Anemone | title = Plant Name Search Results | accessdate = 2008-04-18 | author = International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI) | work = International Plant Names Index}}
3. ^{{OED|Anemone}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}
6. ^¹²³{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anemone|volume=2|page=3}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277195883|title=Aphrodite|last=Silveira.|first=Cyrino, Monica|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415775229|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=277195883}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/387233|title=The gods of the Greeks.|last=1897-1973.|first=Kerényi, Karl,|date=1951|publisher=Thames, and Hudson|year=|isbn=0500270481|location=London,|pages=|oclc=387233}}