“Angeles National Forest”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Angeles National Forest (ANF) of the U.S. Forest Service is located in the San Gabriel Mountains and Sierra Pelona Mountains, primarily within Los Angeles County in southern California. The ANF manages a majority of the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument.

The national forest was established in 1908, incorporating the first San Bernardino National Forest and parts of the former Santa Barbara and San Gabriel National Forests. Angeles National Forest headquarters are located in Arcadia, California.

Geography

The Angeles National Forest covers a total of {{convert|700176| acre|sqmi km2|1}}, protecting large areas of the San Gabriel Mountains and Sierra Pelona Mountains. It is located just north of the densely inhabited metropolitan area of Greater Los Angeles.

While primarily within Los Angeles County, a small part extends eastward into southwestern San Bernardino County, in the Mount San Antonio ("Mount Baldy") area, and a tiny section also extends westward into northeastern Ventura County, in the Lake Piru area.

The San Gabriel Mountains National Monument, established in 2014 and managed by the U.S. Forest Service, is largely within the Angeles National Forest.

The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act of 2019 established the Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Memorial and Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument at and around the ruins of the St. Francis Dam in the Forest's San Francisquito Canyon.^[1]

Wilderness areas

The Angeles National Forest contains five nationally designated wilderness areas. Two of these also extend into neighboring San Bernardino National Forest:

History

The San Gabriel Forest Reserve was established on December 20, 1892, the San Bernardino Forest Reserve was established on February 25, 1893, and the Santa Barbara Forest Reserve was established on December 22, 1903. Together, they became National Forests on March 4, 1907, and they were combined on July 1, 1908, with all of the San Bernardino forest and portions of San Gabriel forest and Santa Barbara forest composing the new Angeles National Forest. On September 30, 1925, portions of the Angeles National Forest and the Cleveland National Forest were detached to re-establish the San Bernardino National Forest.^[2]

Angeles National Forest is registered as California Historical Landmark #717, for being the first National Forest in the state.^[3]

The campgrounds at Broken Blade, Twisted Arrow and Pima Loops were closed on July 26, 2013 after squirrel infected with bubonic plague was discovered.^[4]

Wildfires

In the Station Fire, more than {{convert|161000|acre|km2}} of the forest were burned by an arson fire that began on August 26, 2009, near Angeles Crest Highway in La Cañada and quickly spread, fueled by dry brush that had not burned for over 150 years. The fire burned for more than a month and was the worst in Los Angeles County history, charring one-fourth of the forest (250 square miles), displacing wildlife, and destroying 91 homes, cabins and outbuildings and the family-owned Hidden Springs Cafe.

During the fire, two firefighters died after driving off the Mt. Gleason County Road looking for an alternate route to get the inmates out at Camp 16. The Station Fire threatened the Mount Wilson Observatory atop Mt. Wilson . The site includes two telescopes, two solar towers, and transmitters for 22 television stations, several FM radio stations, and police and fire department emergency channels. Although the fire scorched one side of the outhouse at amateur-owned Stony Ridge Observatory, six miles northeast of Mt. Wilson, aside from minor damage from smoke and ash infiltration, the remainder of the observatory and its historic 30-inch Carroll telescope survived.

Several 2012 wildfires occurred, burning hundreds of acres across the forest-covered mountain range.

Natural history

The Angeles National Forest manages the habitats, flora and fauna ecosystems, and watersheds. Some of the rivers with watersheds within its boundaries provide valuable non-groundwater recharge water for Southern California. The existing protected and restored native vegetation absorb and slow surface runoff of rainwater to minimize severe floods and landslides in adjacent communities.^[5] The land within the forest is diverse, both in appearance and terrain. Elevations range from {{convert|1,200|to|10,064|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the forest.

Flora

Much of this National Forest is covered with dense chaparral shrub forests with oak woodlands, which changes to pine and fir-covered slopes in the higher elevations. Subsequent to the fire there was a heavy growth of poodle-dog bush, apparently triggered by the fire's effect on dormant seeds, that lasted for several years. The plant produces prolific lavender flowers. Unfortunately, as visitors to the Forest discovered, contact with it may cause a poison-oak-like rash.

Tree species for which the forest is important include bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri), and California walnut (Juglans californica). The National Forest also contains some {{convert|29000|acre|ha}} of old growth, with: Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) forests and mixed conifer forests (Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and white fir (Abies concolor)), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) the most abundant types.^[6]

Fauna

Access

A National Forest Adventure Pass is required for parking at many locations in the Angeles National Forest and other National Forests in Southern California, and this can be obtained online or from visitor centers and local merchants.^[7] Los Angeles County has declared that passes are not required on county-maintained roads. There are also many other areas that do not require the pass.

General information

Ranger Districts

Trails

Natural features

Sensitive species

Mountain peaks

Water recreation

Volunteer organizations

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/2019/03/15/trump-signature-memorial-st-francis-dam/3161581002/|title=Trump's signature means St. Francis Dam memorial is coming|website=Ventura County Star|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01}}
2. ^{{citation|url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |title=National Forests of the United States |date=September 29, 2005 |author=Davis, Richard C. |publisher=The Forest History Society }}
3. ^¹{{cite ohp|717|Angeles National Forest|2012-10-07}}
4. ^{{cite news|title=Plague squirrel closes Calif. campgrounds|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/26/plague-squirrel-california/2589173/?sf15415388=1|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=26 July 2013|date=July 26, 2013}}
5. ^Lockman, Ronald F., 1981. Guarding the Forests of Southern California: Evolving Attitudes Toward Conservation of Watershed, Woodlands, and Wilderness (Glendale: A. H. Clarke).
6. ^{{Citation | last1 = Warbington | first1 = Ralph | last2 = Beardsley | first2 = Debby | year = 2002 | title = 2002 Estimates of Old Growth Forests on the 18 National Forests of the Pacific Southwest Region | url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl/publications/oldgrowth/oldgrowth2002.html | publisher = United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region}}
7. ^{{cite web|publisher=Angeles Permits|url=http://www.angelespermits.com|title=Angeles Passes and Permits|accessdate=2008-02-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080309150408/http://www.angelespermits.com/| archivedate= 9 March 2008 | deadurl= no}}
8. ^USFS.gov: Mt. Islip fire lookout tower
9. ^Sierra Madre Search & Rescue
10. ^San Gabriel Mountain Trailbuilders
11. ^West Fork Conservancy
12. ^Angeles Volunteer Association
13. ^Fisheries Resource Volunteer Corps
14. ^San Dimas Mountain Rescue Team
15. ^Save The East Fork
16. ^[https://www.facebook.com/helpingourmountainenvironment/ (Facebook: Helping Our Mountain Environment page)]