| 词条 | Sphex pensylvanicus |
| 释义 |
| name = Sphex pensylvanicus | image = Sphex pensylvanicus.jpg | taxon = Sphex pensylvanicus | authority = Linnaeus, 1763 | synonyms_ref = [1][2] | synonyms =
}} Sphex pensylvanicus is a species of digger wasp, commonly known as the great black wasp.[2] They live across most of North America and grows to a size of {{convert|20|-|35|mm|1|abbr=on}}. The larvae feed on living insects that the females paralyze and carry to the underground nest. DistributionS. pensylvanicus is distributed across most of the Continental United States and northern Mexico.[2] During the late 20th century, its range expanded into New York and the Canadian province of Quebec,[3]DescriptionSphex pensylvanicus is a large, black wasp, significantly larger than their congener Sphex ichneumoneus (the great golden digger wasp).[4] Males are smaller than females, at only {{convert|19|-|28|mm|1|abbr=on}} long, to females {{convert|25|-|34|mm|1|abbr=on}}.[5] According to John Bartram, "The Sting of this Wasp is painful, but does not swell like others".[6] As well as being larger than S. ichneumoneus, they are also darker, with smoky wings and an entirely black body, where S. ichneumoneus has yellow wings, red legs, and a partly red abdomen.[7]Ecology and life cycleAdult females of S. pensylvanicus build an underground nest which they provision with various orthopteran insects,[8] particularly of the genera Microcentrum, Amblycorypha and Scudderia.[4] Prey are stung three times, once in the neck and twice in the thorax, and are paralyzed by the wasp's sting, although they can survive for weeks.[5] The prey are then carried to the nest. While collecting their prey, the females are vulnerable to kleptoparasitism, in which birds, including the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the grey catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), steal the prey that the wasp has collected.[8] The eggs of S. pensylvanicus are {{convert|5|-|6|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|mm|2|abbr=on}} wide; they are glued to the underside of the prey insect between the first and second pairs of legs.[5] Each of the several chambers in the nest houses a single larva, which consumes 2–6 katydids or grasshoppers.[8] The larval stage lasts 10 days, reaching a pre-pupation size of {{convert|30|-|35|mm|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|7|-|10|mm|abbr=on}} wide.[5] S. pensylvanicus is an important pollinator of plants including the milkweeds Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata.[9] It has also been reported on Daucus carota, Eryngium yuccifolium and Melilotus albus.[10] S. pensylvanicus is one of several species of Sphex to be parasitized by the strepsipteran Paraxenos westwoodi.[11]Taxonomic historySphex pensylvanicus was the subject of the first article on an insect written by a native of the New World,[5][12] when observations made by John Bartram on S. pensylvanicus were presented to the Royal Society in 1749 by Peter Collinson.[6] Sphex pensylvanicus was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 work Centuria Insectorum, using material sent to him by Charles De Geer.[13]References1. ^{{cite web |title=Sphex |work=Catalog of Sphecidae sensu lato |date=June 10, 2010 |author=Wojciech J. Pulawski |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |url=http://research.calacademy.org/files/Departments/ent/sphecidae/Genera_and_species_pdf/Sphex.pdf |format=PDF}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Richard Mitchell Bohart |author2=Arnold S. Menke |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1976 |title=Sphecid Wasps of the World: a Generic Revision |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02318-5}} 3. ^Species Sphex pensylvanicus - Great Black Wasp, BugGuide 4. ^1 {{cite journal |author=H. Jane Brockmann |year=1985 |title=Provisioning behavior of the great golden digger wasp, Sphex ichneumoneus (L.) (Sphecidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=631–655 |jstor=25084707}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2420481 |author=John H. Frisch |year=1938 |title=The life-history and habits of the digger-wasp Ammobia pennsylvanica (Linn.) |journal=American Midland Naturalist |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=673–677 |jstor=2420481}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Peter Collinson |date=December 21, 1749 |title=A Description of the Great Black Wasp, from Pensylvania, as communicated from Mr. John Bartam to Mr. Peter Collinson, F. R. S. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |volume=46 |pages=278–279 |jstor=104640 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1749.0050 |issue=491–496}} 7. ^{{cite book |author=Ross H. Arnett |year=2000 |title=American Insects: a Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico |edition=2nd |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-0212-1 |chapter=Tribe Sphecini|pages=595 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Justin Benttinen |author2=Evan Preisser |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=Avian kleptoparasitism of the digger wasp Sphex pensylvanicus |journal=Canadian Entomologist |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=604–608 |doi=10.4039/n09-033 |url=http://cels.uri.edu/preisserlab/media/publications/preisser/Canadian%20Ent%202009%20(141,6)%20604-08.pdf |format=PDF}} 9. ^{{cite web |author1=Elizabeth J. Farnsworth |author2=Mario J. DiGregorio |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Conservation and Research Plan: Asclepias purpurascens L., purple milkweed |publisher=New England Wild Flower Society |date=December 2001 |url=http://www.newfs.org/docs/pdf/Asclepiaspurpurascens.pdf |format=PDF}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/sphecidwasps/sphexpensyl.html |title=Sphex pensylvanicus |work=The Sphecid Wasps of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Sphecinae) |author=Mark F. O'Brien |publisher=University of Michigan |date=August 31, 2006 |accessdate=June 22, 2010}} 11. ^{{cite journal |author1=Richard S. Miller |author2=April M. Pearce |author3=Kevin M. O'Neill |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009 |title=Prevalence of stylopization of Sphex ichneumoneus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) by Paraxenos westwoodi (Templeton) (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) |pages=4 pp |journal=Psyche |volume=2009 |doi=10.1155/2009/690125}} 12. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3983959 |author=Patricia Tyson Stroud |year=1995 |title=Forerunner of American conservation: naturalist Thomas Say |journal=Forest & Conservation History |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=184–190 |jstor=3983959}} 13. ^{{cite journal |author=M. C. Day |year=1979 |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=45–84 |title=The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00049.x}} External links
5 : Sphecidae|Hymenoptera of North America|Pollinator wasps|Insects described in 1763|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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