请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Spiralia
释义

  1. Distribution of spiralian development across phylogeny

  2. Lophotrochozoa within Spiralia

  3. References

{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Spiral cleavage in Trochus.png
| image_caption = Spiral cleavage in Trochus
|subdivision_ranks=Clade|subdivision=* Gnathifera
  • Platytrochozoa| taxon = Spiralia

|authority=sensu Edgecombe et al. 2011}}

The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa.[1] The term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiral cleavage, a pattern of early development found in most (but not all) members of the Lophotrochozoa.[2]

Distribution of spiralian development across phylogeny

Members of the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and nemerteans have all been shown to exhibit spiral cleavage in its classical form. Other spiralian phyla (rotifers, brachiopods, phoronids, gastrotrichs, and bryozoans) are also said to display a derived form of spiral cleavage in at least a portion of their constituent species, although evidence for this is sparse.[3]

Lophotrochozoa within Spiralia

Previously, spiral cleavage was thought to be unique to the Spiralia in the strictest sense—animals such as molluscs and annelids which exhibit classical spiral cleavage. The presence of spiral cleavage in animals such as platyhelminths could be difficult to correlate with some phylogenies.[4]

Evidence of the relationship between molluscs, annelids and lophophorates was found in 1995.[5] More recent research has established the Lophotrochozoa as a superphylum within the Metazoa.[6]

With this understanding, the presence of spiral cleavage in polyclad platyhelminths, as well as the more traditional Spiralia, has led to the hypothesis that spiral cleavage was present ancestrally across the Lophotrochozoa as a whole.[3]

With the introduction of Platytrochozoa and Rouphozoa, the cladogram is as follows, with an indication approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades radiated into newer clades.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

{{Clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Protostomes|sublabel1=610 mya
|{{clade
|1=Ecdysozoa
|label2=Spiralia
|2={{clade
|1=Gnathifera
|label2=Platytrochozoa|sublabel2=580 mya
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Mesozoa
|label2=Rouphozoa
|2={{clade
|1=Gastrotricha
|2=Platyhelminthes
              }}           }}

|label2=Lophotrochozoa
|2={{clade
|1=Cycliophora
|2=Annelida
|3={{clade
|1=Mollusca
|label2=Kryptotrochozoa
|2={{clade
|label1=Lophophorata
|1={{clade
|label1=Brachiozoa
|1={{clade
|1=Brachiopoda
|2=Phoronida
|2={{clade
|1=Entoprocta
|2=Ectoprocta
                       }}                    }}

|2=Nemertea
                 }}              }}           }}        }}     }}  }}

}}

An alternative phylogeny was given in 2019, with a basal grouping Mollusca with Entoprocta grouping named Tetraneuralia, and a second grouping of Nemertea with Platyhelminthes named Parenchymia as sister of Annelida. In their proposal and according to the original definition, Lophotrochozoa may become a senior synonym for Platytrochozoa.[13][14][15][16]

{{Clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%|label1=Protostomes|sublabel1=610 mya
|{{clade
|1=Ecdysozoa
|label2=Spiralia/
|sublabel2=Gnathospiralia
|2={{clade
|1=Gnathifera
|label2=Lophotrochozoa/|sublabel2=Platytrochozoa/Spiralia s.s.
|2={{clade
|label1=Tetraneuralia
|1={{clade
|1=Mollusca
|2=Entoprocta
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Gastrotricha
|label2=Lophophorata
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Ectoprocta
|2=Phoronida
|2=Brachiopoda
          }}        }}

|2={{clade
|1=Annelida
|label2=Parenchymia
|2={{clade
|1=Platyhelminthes
|2=Nemertea
          }}        }}      }}    }}  }}

}}}}

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|author=Giribet G |title=Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1513–22 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18192183 |pmc=2614230 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18192183}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/Tree/Explanations.html |title=Explanations.html |work= |accessdate=2009-06-28}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Hejnol|first=A.|title=A Twist in Time—The Evolution of Spiral Cleavage in the Light of Animal Phylogeny|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|date=4 August 2010|volume=50|issue=5|pages=695–706|doi=10.1093/icb/icq103|pmid=21558233}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Boyer|first=Barbara C.|author2=Henry, Jonathan Q. |author3=Martindale, Mark Q. |title=Dual Origins of Mesoderm in a Basal Spiralian: Cell Lineage Analyses in the Polyclad Turbellarian Hoploplana inquilina|journal=Developmental Biology|date=1 November 1996|volume=179|issue=2|pages=329–338|doi=10.1006/dbio.1996.0264|pmid=8903349}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last=Halanych |first=K. |author2=Bacheller, J. |author3=Aguinaldo, A. |author4=Liva, S. |author5=Hillis, D. |author6= Lake, J. |title=Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals |journal=Science |date=17 March 1995 |volume=267|issue=5204 |pages=1641–1643 |doi=10.1126/science.7886451|pmid=7886451}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Dunn|first=C.W. |author2=Hejnol, A.|author3=Matus, D.Q.|author4=Pang, K.|author5=Browne, W.E. |author6=Smith, S.A.|author7=Seaver, E.|author8=Rouse, G.W. |author9=Obst, M. |author10=Sørensen, M. V.|author11=Haddock, S.H.D. |author11link=Steven Haddock |author12=Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.|author13=Okusu, A. |author14=Kristensen, R.M.|author15=Wheeler, W.C. |author16=Martindale, M.Q. |author17=Giribet, G. |title=Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life |journal=Nature |date=10 April 2008 |volume=452 |issue=7188 |pages=745–749 |doi=10.1038/nature06614 |pmid=18322464}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Struck|first=Torsten H.|last2=Wey-Fabrizius|first2=Alexandra R. |last3=Golombek|first3=Anja |last4=Hering|first4=Lars|last5=Weigert|first5=Anne |last6=Bleidorn |first6=Christoph |last7=Klebow |first7=Sabrina |last8=Iakovenko|first8=Nataliia |last9=Hausdorf |first9=Bernhard|date=July 2014|title=Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/7/1833 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1833–1849 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu143 |pmid=24748651}}
8. ^{{Cite journal |last=Peterson|first=Kevin J.|last2=Cotton |first2=James A. |last3=Gehling |first3=James G.|last4=Pisani|first4=Davide |date=2008-04-27 |title=The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1435–1443 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 |pmid=18192191 |pmc=2614224}}
9. ^{{Cite book |last1=Hankeln |first1=Thomas |last2=Wey-Fabrizius |first2=Alexandra |last3=Herlyn |first3=Holger |last4=Witek |first4=Alexander |last5=Weber |first5=Mathias |last6=Nesnidal |first6=Maximilian |last7=Struck |first7=Torsten |year=2014 |chapter=Phylogeny of platyzoan taxa based on molecular data |title=Deep Metazoan Phylogeny: The Backbone of the Tree of Life |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |editor1-first=J. Wolfgang |editor1-last=Wägele |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Bartolomaeus |pages=105–125 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262676142_Phylogeny_of_platyzoan_taxa_based_on_molecular_data}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Laumer|first=Christopher E.|last2=Bekkouche |first2=Nicolas|last3=Kerbl |first3=Alexandra|last4=Goetz |first4=Freya|last5=Neves |first5=Ricardo C. |last6=Sørensen|first6=Martin V.|last7=Kristensen|first7=Reinhardt M.|last8=Hejnol |first8=Andreas |last9=Dunn|first9=Casey W.|title=Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982215007952 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25|issue=15|pages=2000–2006|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068 |year=2015}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lu |first=Tsai-Ming |last2=Kanda |first2=Miyuki |last3=Satoh |first3=Noriyuki |last4=Furuya |first4=Hidetaka |date=2017-05-29 |title=The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5 |journal=Zoological Letters|volume=3 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5}}
12. ^{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Yi-Jyun |last2=Kanda |first2=Miyuki |last3=Koyanagi |first3=Ryo |last4=Hisata |first4=Kanako |last5=Akiyama|first5=Tadashi |last6=Sakamoto |first6=Hirotaka |last7=Sakamoto |first7=Tatsuya |last8=Satoh |first8=Noriyuki |date=2017-12-04 |title=Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads|url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=1|pages=141–151 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last5=Rokhsar|first5=Daniel S.|last4=Satoh|first4=Noriyuki|last3=Goto|first3=Taichiro|last2=Peijnenburg|first2=Katja T. C. A.|last1=Marlétaz|first1=Ferdinand|date=2019-01-10|title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(18)31541-0|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=0|issue=0|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042|issn=0960-9822}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lake|first=J. A.|last2=Hillis|first2=D. M.|last3=Liva|first3=S. M.|last4=Aguinaldo|first4=A. M.|last5=Bacheller|first5=J. D.|last6=Halanych|first6=K. M.|date=1995-03-17|title=Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/267/5204/1641|journal=Science|language=en|volume=267|issue=5204|pages=1641–1643|doi=10.1126/science.7886451|issn=1095-9203|pmid=7886451}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wanninger|first=Andreas|last2=Wollesen|first2=Tim|date=2019|title=The evolution of molluscs: The evolution of molluscs|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/brv.12439|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=94|issue=1|pages=102–115|doi=10.1111/brv.12439|pmc=6378612|pmid=29931833|via=}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Telford|first=Maximilian J.|date=2019|title=Evolution: Arrow Worms Find Their Place on the Tree of Life|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982218316634|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=5|pages=R152–R154|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.029|via=}}
{{Animalia}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1211307}}{{Protostome-stub}}

1 : Protostome unranked clades
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 20:47:51