| 释义 |
- Archaeology
- Astronomy
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Geology
- Exploration
- History of science
- Mathematics
- Medicine
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- Physics
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- Technology
- Other events
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}{{Year nav topic5|1912|science}}The year 1912 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Archaeology - December 6 – The Nefertiti bust is found at Amarna in Egypt by the German Oriental Company (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft – DOG), led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt.
Astronomy- At the beginning of this year an extreme decadal variation in length of day produces mean solar days having a duration of 86400.00389 seconds of Terrestrial Time (or ephemeris time), the slowest rotation of Earth's crust ever to be recorded.[1]
Biology- July 23 – Horace Donisthorpe first discovers Anergates atratulus in the New Forest, England.
- Reginald Punnett is appointed as first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics in the University of Cambridge (U.K.), probably the oldest chair of genetics in the English-speaking world.
Chemistry- Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid.
- Casimir Funk introduces the concept of vitamins.[2]
- Fritz Klatte, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, discovers polyvinyl acetate and applies for a patent for preparing the monomer, vinyl acetate, by addition of acetic acid to acetylene using a mercuric chloride catalyst[3] although it is not successfully commercialized at this time.
- Wilbur Scoville devises the Scoville scale for measuring the heat of peppers.
- December 24 – Merck files patent applications for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA, developed by Anton Köllisch.[4][5][6]
Geology- January – Alfred Wegener proposes a fully formulated theory of continental drift and gave the supercontinent Pangaea its name.[7][8]
- June 6 – The Novarupta volcano on the Alaska Peninsula comes into being through a VEI 6 eruption, the largest this century.
Exploration- January 17 – British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four reach the South Pole to find that Amundsen has beaten them to it. They will die on the return journey, just eleven miles from a polar base (March 16–29).[9]
- March 7 – Roald Amundsen announces in Hobart that his expedition reached the South Pole on last December 14.
History of science- November 20 – History of Medicine Society holds its first meeting, under the chairmanship of Sir William Osler, in London.
- Georgius Agricola's De re metallica (1556) is first published in an English translation, made by Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover, in London.
- Voynich manuscript discovered.
Mathematics- Publication of the 2nd volume of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
- Karl F. Sundman solves the n-body problem for n=3.
Medicine- Harvey Cushing identifies Cushing's disease, caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland.
- Solomon Carter Fuller first names Alzheimer's disease.
Metallurgy- Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel (October 17)[10] and Elwood Haynes (in the United States) and Harry Brearley (of Brown-Firth in Sheffield, England) independently discover martensitic stainless steel alloys.[11][12]
Meteorology- April 5 – Milutin Milanković’s [https://web.archive.org/web/20120316201406/http://scc.digital.nb.rs/document/II-184957 Contribution to the mathematical theory of climate], his first work in this field, is published in Belgrade.
Paleontology- December 18 – Skull of "Piltdown Man" presented to the Geological Society of London as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown form of early human. It is revealed to be a hoax in 1953.[9]
Physics- November 11 – William Lawrence Bragg presents his derivation of Bragg's law for the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.[13]
- Max von Laue suggests using crystal lattices to diffract X-rays.
- Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping diffract X-rays in zinc blende.
- Victor Hess discovers that the ionization of air increases with altitude, indicating the existence of cosmic radiation.
Psychology- Carl Jung publishes Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Psychology of the Unconscious), based on lectures delivered at Fordham University and precipitating a break with Sigmund Freud.
- Sabina Spielrein delivers her paper on "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being" to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
Technology- April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic: The ocean liner {{RMS|Titanic}} strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States.[9][14]
- The British Royal Navy introduces the director ship gun fire-control system using the Dreyer Table, a mechanical analogue computer.[15]
- The Sperry Corporation develops the first gyroscopic autopilot ("gyroscopic stabilizer apparatus") for aviation use.
- The earth inductor compass is first patented by Donald M. Bliss.
Other events- American ornithologist Robert Ridgway publishes Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.
- Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique.
- First International Congress of Eugenics held in London with the support of Leonard Darwin, Winston Churchill, Auguste Forel, Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Davenport and other prominent scientists.[16]
Awards- Nobel Prize
- Physics – Nils Gustaf Dalén
- Chemistry – Victor Grignard; Paul Sabatier
- Medicine – Alexis Carrel
Births- January 21 – Konrad Emil Bloch (died 2000), German-born biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- January 27 – Francis Rogallo (died 2009), American aeronautical engineer.
- January 30 – Werner Hartmann (died 1988), German physicist.
- February 13 – Natan Yavlinsky (died 1962), Russian nuclear physicist.
- February 25 – Preben von Magnus (died 1973), Danish virologist.
- March 1 – Boris Chertok (died 2011), Russian rocket designer.
- March 19 – Bill Frankland, English immunologist.
- March 23 – Wernher von Braun (died 1977), German-born physicist and engineer.
- April 19 – Glenn T. Seaborg (died 1999), American physical chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- May 22 – Herbert C. Brown (died 2004), English-born chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- May 30 – Julius Axelrod (died 2004), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- May 31 – Chien-Shiung Wu (died 1997), Chinese-American nuclear physicist, winner of the Wolf Prize in Physics
- June 23 – Alan Turing (died 1954), English computer scientist.
- June 30 – Ludwig Bölkow (died 2003), German aeronautical engineer.
- August 11 – Norman Levinson (died 1975), American mathematician.
- August 13 – Salvador Luria (died 1991), Italian-born biologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- August 30 – Edward Mills Purcell (died 1997), American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- September 7 – David Packard (died 1996), American electronics engineer.[17]
- September 22 – Herbert Mataré (died 2011), German physicist.
- October 1 – Kathleen Ollerenshaw (died 2014), English mathematician.
- November 14 – Tung-Yen Lin (died 2003), Chinese-born civil engineer.
- November 19 – George Emil Palade (died 2008), Romanian-born microbiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- November 22 – Paul Zamecnik (died 2009), American scientist playing a central role in the early history of molecular biology.
Deaths- February 10 – Joseph Lister (born 1827), English inventor of antiseptic.
- February 12 – Osborne Reynolds (born 1842), British physicist.
- March 19 – Thomas Harrison Montgomery, Jr. (born 1873), American zoologist and cell biologist.
- March 28 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (born 1838), French chemist.
- March 29
- Robert Falcon Scott (born 1868), English Antarctic explorer.
- Edward Wilson (born 1872), English physician and naturalist.
- May 30 – Wilbur Wright (born 1867), American aviation pioneer.
- July 17 – Henri Poincaré (born 1854), French mathematician.
- August 7 – François-Alphonse Forel (born 1841), Swiss pioneer of limnology.
- November 23 – Charles Bourseul (born 1829), French telegraph engineer.
References1. ^{{cite journal|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A|issn=0080-4614|last1=Stephenson|first1=F. R.|last2=Morrison|first2=L. V.|last3=Whitrow|first3=G. J.|year=1984|volume=313|issue=1524|pages=47–70|url=http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/313/1524/47.full.pdf+html|format=PDF|title=Long-Term Changes in the Rotation of the Earth: 700 B.C. to A.D. 1980|location=London|doi=10.1098/rsta.1984.0082|bibcode=1984RSPTA.313...47S|accessdate=2012-05-24}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Just The Facts-Inventions & Discoveries|publisher=School Specialty Publishing|year=2005}}
3. ^Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 281687 (4 July 1913); abstract in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London) 34 (1915) p. 623.
4. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.5555/phmz.61.11.966|author1=Bernschneider-Reif, S. |author2=Oxler, F. |author3=Freudenmann, R. W. |title=The Origin of MDMA ("Ecstasy") - Separating the Facts From the Myths|journal=Die Pharmazie|volume=61|issue=11|pages=966–972|year=2006|pmid=17152992|doi-broken-date=2019-03-14 }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=274350C&FT=D|title=German Patent 274350: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Alkyloxyaryl-, Dialkyloxyaryl- und Alkylendioxyarylaminopropanen bzw. deren am Stickstoff monoalkylierten Derivaten|author=Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt|date=1914-05-16|publisher=Kaiserliches Patentamt|accessdate=2009-04-12}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=279194C&FT=D|title=German Patent 279194: Verfahren zur Darstellung von Hydrastinin Derivaten|author=Firma E. Merck in Darmstadt|date=1914-10-15|publisher=Kaiserliches Patentamt|accessdate=2009-04-12}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Wegener|first=Alfred|date=January 6, 1912|title=Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage|journal=Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen|volume=63|pages=185–195, 253–256, 305–309}}
8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://epic.awi.de/28560/1/Polarforsch2005_1_3.pdf|accessdate=April 18, 2011|first=Imre Josef|last=Demhardt|title=Alfred Wegener's Hypothesis on Continental Drift and Its Discussion in Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (1912–1942)|journal=Polarforschung|volume=75|pages=29–35|year=2005}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1|title=ThyssenKrupp Nirosta: History|accessdate=August 13, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902202906/http://www.nirosta.de/History.22.0.html?&L=1|archivedate=September 2, 2007|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&pg=PA380&lpg=PA380&dq=Elwood+Haynes+1919+patent+number#PPA380,M1|title=Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries|page=380|first=Rodney P.|last=Carlisle|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2004|isbn=978-0-471-24410-3| accessdate= 3 September 2011 }}
12. ^{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=A non-rusting steel|date=January 31, 1915}}
13. ^To the Cambridge Philosophical Society. {{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/present.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2012-11-29}}
14. ^{{cite book|authorlink=Walter Lord|first=Walter|last=Lord|title=A Night to Remember|location=New York|publisher=Holt|year=1955|title-link=A Night to Remember (book)}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Brooks|first=John|year=2003|title=The Admiralty Fire Control Tables|journal=Warship |pages=pp. 69–93}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Blom|first=Philipp|authorlink=Philipp Blom|title=The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900-1914|year=2008|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-7710-1630-1|page=334}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Obituary: David Packard|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-david-packard-1344506.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=21 February 2018|date=28 March 1996}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1912 In Science}} 3 : 1912 in science|20th century in science|1910s in science |