| 词条 | Military diving |
| 释义 |
Underwater divers may be employed in any branch of an armed force, including the navy, army, marines, air force and coast guard. Scope of operations includes: Search and recovery, search and rescue, underwater surveys, explosive ordnance disposal, demolition, underwater engineering, salvage, ships husbandry, reconnaissance, infiltration, sabotage, counterifiltration, underwater combat and security.[1] History of military divingMilitary divers are essential to many missions and campaigns. Combat and demolition work, underwater and coastal reconnaissance, ordnance disposal, search and rescue, salvage operations, construction, ship maintenance and underwater engineering. Every branch of the U.S. military employs divers, and more than 40 nations have military diving units. Military diving is an occupation that has risks and responsibilities beyond those of other professional diving. Research and development in military diving equipment and procedures often eventually contributes to recreational and technical diving practice.[1] Military diving development was influenced by the development of submarine technology in the early 20th century. There were several serious accidents following the widespread deployment of submarines, and the main application for military diving at that time was salvage and later rescue and recovery operations. Submarine escape equipment development helped with early scuba development.[1] Combat diving.[1] Fleet and engineering diving.[1] Application of diving by branches of the military
Armed forces with diving units{{see|List of military diving units}}Scope of operationsTactical diving{{see also|Frogman}}Clearance diving{{see also|Clearance diving}}Clearance divers are specialists in underwater demolition, explosive ordnance disposal and improvised explosive device disposal. They are tasked with locating and destroying or recovering underwater ordnance at sea in ships, in the approaches to ports and anchorages, in port facilities and installations and in the coastal environment of amphibious operations. Ships husbandry{{see also|Ships husbandry#Ships husbandry diving}}Ships husbandry or ship husbandry is all aspects of maintenance, cleaning,[7] and general upkeep of the hull, rigging, and equipment of a ship. It may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments.[8] The term is used in both naval and merchant shipping,[9] but naval vessel husbandry may also be used for specific reference to naval vessels.[10] Underwater ships husbandry includes hull cleaning, inspection, and some kinds of repair work.[11]Marine salvage{{see also|Marine salvage}}Underwater engineeringSearch and rescue{{main|Underwater search and rescue}}Search and recovery{{main|Underwater search and recovery}}Underwater search and recovery is the process of locating and recovering underwater objects, often by divers.[12] but also by the use of submersibles, remotely operated vehicles and electronic equipment on surface vessels.[13][14]Recovery techniques depend upon the type and size of the object. Smaller objects, can simply be carried up by the diver. Heavier objects represent a material change to the diver's buoyancy control, and may put the diver at risk from an uncontrolled ascent if contact with the object is lost during ascent. Medium-sized objects are normally recovered using a lifting bag. Lift bags can be rated up to several tons, but these require an independent supply of inflation gas. Large objects usually require specialised commercial lifting equipment. Military diver training{{see also|Diver training}}See also{{portal bar|Underwater work}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|url=http://www.alertdiver.com/Military |title=Military Diving - A history of innovation |journal=Alert Diver |publisher=Divers Alert Network |location=Durham, North Carolina|volume=Summer 2014|last=Grollimund |first=Tim |date=2014 |accessdate=29 November 2018 }} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=12085|title=Underwater Ship Husbandry Combines Navy, Civilian Divers into Successful Team|last=Jensen|first=Milinda D.|date=3 March 2004|work=Story Number: NNS040303-02|publisher=Naval Sea Systems Command Public Affairs|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://readyayeready.com/jackspeak/termview.php?id=1794|title=Ship's Husbandry|last=Nelson|first=Mark|work=Jackspeak of the Royal Canadian Navy|publisher=ReadyAyeReady.com|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 4. ^1 NOAA Diving Manual, 4th Edition CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company 5. ^1 {{cite book |author=PADI |title=PADI Search & Recovery manual. ASIN: B000YPP84E |year=2003 |publisher=PADI |location=United States |isbn= }} 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=Staff|first=|title=Ship Husbandry|url=http://www.boatregister.net/Library/Maritime%20History/ShipHusbandry_RAN_ApprenticeTrainingEstablishment.pdf|publisher=Royal Australian Navy Apprentice Training Establishment |chapter=1: Hull Maintenance}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.strategiclogisticsagency.com/naval-vessel-husbandry/|title=Naval Vessel Husbandry|last=Staff|year=2014|publisher=Strategy Logistics|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf|title=Underwater Ship Husbandry: Nature of Discharge (EPA-842-R-99-001.)|date=April 1999|work=Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=2006 |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |accessdate=2008-06-15 |author=US Navy }} }}{{Underwater diving}}{{Underwater work}} 1 : Armed forces diving |
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