“Taiwanese Romanization System”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Taiwanese Romanization System

释义

Alphabet
Values
Consonants Vowels & Rhymes Tones
Notes
References
External links

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The Taiwanese Romanization System (Taiwanese Romanization: Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn, {{zh|t=臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案|p=Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn}}; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn; often referred to as Tâi-lô) is a transcription system for Taiwanese Hokkien. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the officially promoted phonetic notation system by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.^[1] It is nearly identical to Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (TLPA) Romanization for Hakka apart from using ts tsh j instead of c ch j for the fricatives {{IPA|/ts tsʰ dz/}}.

Alphabet

Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letter	A	B	E	G	H	I	J	K	Kh	L	M	N	Ng	O	Oo	P	Ph	S	T	Th	Ts	Tsh	U
Lower case	a	b	e	g	h	i	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	nn	o	oo	p	ph	s	t	th	ts	tsh	u

"nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it has no capital letter.
Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Values

Consonants

Initials
		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal		m [m] ㄇ毛(moo)	n [n] ㄋ耐(nāi)	ng [ŋ] ㄫ雅(ngá)
Plosive	Unaspirated	p [p] ㄅ邊(pian)	b [b] ㆠ 文(bûn)	t [t] ㄉ地(tē)	k [k] ㄍ求(kiû)	g [g] ㆣ 語(gí)
Plosive	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] ㄆ波(pho)	th [tʰ] ㄊ他(thann)	kh [kʰ] ㄎ去(khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated	ts [ts] ㄗ曾(tsan)	j [dz] ㆡ 熱(jua̍h)	tsi [tɕ] ㄐ尖(tsiam)	ji [dʑ] ㆢ 入(ji̍p)
Affricate	Aspirated	tsh [tsʰ] ㄘ出(tshut)	tshi [tɕʰ] ㄑ手(tshiú)
Fricative		s [s] ㄙ衫(sann)	si [ɕ] ㄒ寫(siá)	h [h] ㄏ喜(hí)
Lateral		l [l] ㄌ柳(liú)

Finals
Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal consonant	-m [m] ㆬ	-n [n] ㄣ	-ng [ŋ] ㆭ
Stop consonant	-p [p̚] ㆴ	-t [t̚] ㆵ	-k [k̚] ㆶ	-h [ʔ] ㆷ

Syllabic consonant
Bilabial	Velar
Nasal	m [m̩] ㆬ 姆(ḿ)	ng [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes

Simple & Nasal
	Front		Central	Back
	Simple	Nasal	Simple	Simple	Nasal
Close	i [i] ㄧ衣(i)	inn [ĩ] ㆪ 圓(înn)	u [u] ㄨ污(u)	unn [ũ] ㆫ 張(tiunn)
Mid	e [e] ㆤ 禮(lé)	enn [ẽ] ㆥ 生(senn)	o[ə] ㄜ高(ko)	oo [ɔ] ㆦ 烏(oo)	onn [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁(onn)
Open	a [a] ㄚ查(tsa)	ann [ã] ㆩ 衫(sann)

Dialect
Tâi-lô	IPA	Bopomofo
ir	[ɨ]}}	ㆨ
er	[ə]}}	ㄜ
ee	[ɛ]}}	ㄝ
ere	[əe]}}	In version of {{ill\|Ngoo Siu-le\|zh\|吳守禮}}, /{{IPAlink\|ɘ}}{{IPAlink\|e}}/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ" is replaced with "".}}

o pronounced [ə] ㄜ in general dialect in Kaohsiung and Tainan, [o] ㄛ in Taipei.
-nn forms the nasal vowels
There is also syllabic m and ng.

Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[a]	a	ann	am	an	ang	ap	at	ak	ah	annh
[ai]	ai	ainn	aih	ainnh
[au]	au	auh
[e]	e	enn	eh	ennh
[i]	i	inn	im	in	ing	ip	it	ik	ih	innh
[ia]	ia	iann	iam	ian	iang	iap	iat	iak	iah	iannh
[iau]	iau	iaunn	iauh
[iə]	io	ioh
[iɔ]	iong	iok
[iu]	iu	iunn	iuh	iunnh

Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[ə]	o	oh
[ɔ]	oo	onn	om	ong	op	ok	ooh	onnh
[u]	u	un	ut	uh
[ua]	ua	uann	uan	uat	uah
[uai]	uai	uainn
[ue]	ue	ueh
[ui]	ui
[m̩]	m		－						mh
[ŋ̍]	ng		－						ngh

ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones

Tone No.	1	2 (= 6)	3	4	5	7	8
Name	zh-tw\|陰平}}	zh-tw\|上聲}}	zh-tw\|陰去}}	zh-tw\|陰入}}	zh-tw\|陽平}}	zh-tw\|陽去}}	zh-tw\|陽入}}
Name	im-pîng	siōng-siann	im-khì	im-ji̍p	iông-pîng	iông-khì	iông-ji̍p
Symbol	None	Acute	Grave	None (-p, -t, -k, -h)	Circumflex	macron	Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
Symbol	´	`	ˆ	ˉ	̍
Pitch	˥	˥˩	˧˩	˧ʔ	˨˦	˧	˥ʔ
Pitch	55	51	31	3ʔ	24	33	5ʔ
Example	tong (東)	tóng (黨)	tòng (棟)	tok (督)	tông (同)	tōng (洞)	to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Licit syllables^[2]

	Ø	b	g	h	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	p	ph	s	t	th	ts	tsh
a	a	ba	ga	ha	ka	kha	la	ma	na	nga	pa	pha	sa	ta	tha	tsa	tsha	a
ah	ah	bah	hah	kah	khah	lah	nah	pah	phah	sah	tah	thah	tsah	tshah	ah
ai	ai	bai	gai	hai	kai	khai	lai	mai	nai	ngai	pai	phai	sai	tai	thai	tsai	tshai	ai
ainn	ainn	hainn	kainn	khainn	phainn	tainn	tsainn	ainn
ak	ak	bak	gak	hak	kak	khak	lak	pak	phak	sak	tak	thak	tsak	tshak	ak
am	am	gam	ham	kam	kham	lam	sam	tam	tham	tsam	tsham	am
an	an	ban	gan	han	kan	khan	lan	pan	phan	san	tan	than	tsan	tshan	an
ang	ang	bang	gang	hang	kang	khang	lang	pang	phang	sang	tang	thang	tsang	tshang	ang
ann	ann	hann	kann	khann	phann	sann	tann	thann	tsann	tshann	ann
annh	hannh	sannh	annh
ap	ap	hap	kap	khap	lap	sap	tap	thap	tsap	tshap	ap
at	at	bat	hat	kat	khat	lat	pat	sat	tat	that	tsat	tshat	at
au	au	bau	gau	hau	kau	khau	lau	mau	nau	ngau	pau	phau	sau	tau	thau	tsau	tshau	au
auh	kauh	lauh	mauh	nauh	phauh	tauh	tshauh	auh
e	e	be	ge	he	ke	khe	le	me	ne	nge	pe	phe	se	te	the	tse	tshe	e
eh	eh	beh	heh	keh	kheh	leh	meh	neh	ngeh	peh	seh}}	teh	theh}}	tseh	tsheh	eh
enn	enn	henn	kenn	khenn	penn	phenn	senn	tenn	thenn	tsenn	tshenn	enn
ennh	hennh	khennh	ennh
i	i	bi	gi	hi	ji	ki	khi	li	mi	ni	pi	phi	si	ti	thi	tsi	tshi	i
ia	ia	gia	hia	jia	kia	khia	mia	nia	ngia	sia	tia	tsia	tshia	ia
iah	iah	giah	hiah	kiah	khiah	liah	piah	phiah	siah	tiah	thiah	tsiah	tshiah	iah
iak	khiak	piak	phiak	siak	tiak	tshiak	iak
iam	iam	giam	hiam	jiam	kiam	khiam	liam	siam	tiam	thiam	tsiam	tshiam	iam
ian	ian	bian	gian	hian	jian	kian	khian	lian	pian	phian	sian	tian	thian	tsian	tshian	ian
iang	iang	giang	hiang	jiang	khiang	liang	piang	phiang	siang	tsiang	tshiang	iang
iann	iann	hiann	kiann	piann	siann	tiann	thiann	tsiann	tshiann	iann
iannh	hiannh	iannh
iap	iap	giap	hiap	jiap	kiap	khiap	liap	siap	tiap	thiap	tsiap	tshiap	iap
iat	iat	biat	giat	hiat	jiat	kiat	khiat	liat	piat	phiat	siat	tiat	thiat	tsiat	tshiat	iat
iau	iau	biau	giau	hiau	jiau	kiau	khiau	liau	miau	niau	ngiau	piau	phiau	siau	tiau	thiau	tsiau	tshiau	iau
iauh	hiauh	khiauh	ngiauh	iauh
iaunn	iaunn	iaunn
ih	bih	khih	mih	nih	pih	phih	sih	tih	thih	tsih	tshih	ih
ik	ik	bik	gik	hik	kik	lik	pik	phik	sik	tik	thik	tsik	tshik	ik
im	im	gim	him	jim	kim	khim	lim	sim	tim	thim	tsim	tshim	im
in	in	bin	gin	hin	jin	kin	khin	lin	pin	phin	sin	tin	thin	tsin	tshin	in
ing	ing	bing}}	ging	hing	king	khing	ling	ping	phing	sing	ting	thing	tsing	tshing	ing
inn	inn	hinn	kinn	khinn	sinn	tinn	thinn	tsinn	tshinn	inn
io	io	bio	gio	hio	jio	kio	khio	lio	pio	phio	sio	tio	thio	tsio	tshio	io
ioh	ioh	gioh	hioh	kioh	khioh	lioh	sioh	tioh	tsioh	tshioh	ioh
iok	iok	giok	hiok	jiok	kiok	khiok	liok	siok	tiok	thiok	tsiok	tshiok	iok
iong	iong	giong	hiong	jiong	kiong	khiong	liong	siong	tiong	thiong	tsiong	tshiong	iong
ip	ip	hip	jip	kip	khip	lip	sip	tsip	tship	ip
it	it	bit	hit	jit	kit	khit	pit	phit	sit	tit	tsit	tshit	it
iu	iu	biu	giu	hiu	jiu	kiu	khiu	liu	niu	piu	siu	tiu	thiu	tsiu	tshiu	iu
iunn	iunn	hiunn	kiunn	khiunn	siunn	tiunn	tsiunn	tshiunn	iunn
iunnh	iunnh	hiunnh	iunnh
m	m	hm	m
mh	hmh	mh
ng	ng	hng	kng	khng	mng	nng	png	sng	tng	thng	tsng	tshng	ng
ngh	hngh	phngh	sngh	tshngh	ngh
o	o	bo	go	ho	ko	kho	lo	po	pho	so	to	tho	tso	tsho	o
oh	oh	hoh	koh	loh	poh	phoh	soh	toh	thoh	tsoh	tshoh	oh
ok	ok	bok	gok	hok	kok	khok	lok	pok	phok	sok	tok	thok	tsok	tshok	ok
om	om	som	tom	om
ong	ong	bong	gong	hong	kong	khong	long	pong	phong	song	tong	thong	tsong	tshong	ong
onn	onn	honn	konn	onn
onnh	onnh	honnh	onnh
oo	oo	boo	goo	hoo	koo	khoo	loo	moo	noo	ngoo	poo	phoo	soo	too	thoo	tsoo	tshoo	oo
ooh	mooh	ooh
u	u	bu	gu	hu	ju	ku	khu	lu	pu	phu	su	tu	thu	tsu	tshu	u
ua	ua	bua	gua	hua	kua	khua	lua	mua	nua	pua	phua	sua	tua	thua	tsua	tshua	ua
uah	uah	buah	huah	juah	kuah	khuah	luah	puah	phuah	suah	thuah	tsuah	tshuah	uah
uai	uai	huai	kuai	khuai	suai	uai
uainn	uainn	huainn	kuainn	suainn	tsuainn	uainn
uan	uan	buan	guan	huan	kuan	khuan	luan	puan	phuan	suan	tuan	thuan	tsuan	tshuan	uan
uang	uang	tshuang	uang
uann	uann	huann	kuann	khuann	puann	phuann	suann	tuann	thuann	tshuann	uann
uat	uat	buat	guat	huat	kuat	khuat	luat	puat	phuat	suat	tuat	thuat	tsuat	uat
ue	ue	bue	gue	hue	jue	kue	khue	lue	pue	phue	sue	tue	tsue	tshue	ue
ueh	ueh	bueh	gueh	hueh	kueh	khueh	pueh	phueh	sueh	ueh
uh	uh	khuh	puh	phuh	tuh	thuh	tsuh	tshuh	uh
ui	ui	bui	gui	hui	kui	khui	lui	mui	pui	phui	sui	tui	thui	tsui	tshui	ui
un	un	bun	gun	hun	jun	kun	khun	lun	pun	phun	sun	tun	thun	tsun	tshun	un
ut	ut	but	hut	kut	khut	lut	put	phut	sut	tut	thut	tsut	tshut	ut
Ø	b	g	h	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ng	p	ph	s	t	th	ts	tsh

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite book |author=Cheng Jei-cheng |authorlink=Cheng Jei-cheng |title=Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce |trans-title=Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System |script-title=zh:臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 |publisher=ROC Ministry of Education |year=2008 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-986-01-6637-8 |url=http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/9851214271.pdf |language=Chinese}}
2. ^{{cite book |url=http://khai.mtwww.mt.au.edu.tw/ezcatfiles/b077/img/img/276/tshiutsheh.pdf |script-title=zh:臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 |language=zh |date=2007 |isbn=978-986-00-7755-1}}

External links

臺灣閩南語羅馬拼音及其發音學習網, Taiwanese Romanization System (Tai-lo) learning site by Ministry of Education, Taiwan

2 : Romanization of Hokkien|Southern Min

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