“Temuan people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Temuan people (Temuan: Uwang/Eang Temuan, Malaysian: Orang Temuan) are a Proto-Malay ethnic group indigenous to western parts of Peninsular Malaysia. They can be found in the states of Selangor, Pahang, Johor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. The Temuans are classified as part of Orang Asli group according to the Malaysian government. They are also one of the largest (numbering to almost 30,000 people) and the most widespread of the Orang Asli ethnic groups.

They speak Temuan, an Austronesian language closely related to Malay. Like other indigenous tribes in Malaysia, most Temuans live in poverty.

Population

Flood legend

Thousands of years ago, many Temuan people died because they had committed "Celau" (the sins that angered god and their ancestors; as it is also called Talan in Semaq Beri language^[7]). Their god has sent a "Celau" punishment in a form of a great flood which had drowned all the Temuan sinners that day. Only two of the Temuans, named Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived that day by climbing at Eaglewood tree at Gunung Raja (Royal Mountain) located at the border of Selangor and Pahang state. There was a Temuan village over there named Kampung Orang Asli Pertak. Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived because they had an enchanting mantra or spell to ease down the "Celau" storm.^[8] Gunung Gajak (Gunung Rajah, Pahang, Malaysia) became the birth places and ancestral home of the Temuan tribe.^[9]

Mamak Bungsuk (Adam) and Inak Bungsuk (Eve) are the Temuan analogues of Adam and Eve in the myth of the birth of humanity.

Language

The Temuans have their own language called the Temuan language or Bahasak Temuan. It is distinct but closely related to the Malay language spoken by their Malay neighbours. The Temuan language is a Malayan language spoken by the majority of the Temuan people. It is essentially a spoken language with several dialectal variation. Temuan is divided into two major dialects namely Belandas and Mantra which differs mostly in terms of phonology and also some of the vocabulary but still mutually intelligible to one another. Temuan is mostly written in the Latin alphabet although no standard orthography has been made.

Comparison between Belandas and Mantra dialects

Example of Temuan Belandas dialect: diak (he/she), hajak (only), kitak (we), tai (the end of sentence particle).

Example of Temuan Mantra dialect: dien (he/she), hajen (only), kiten (we), tea (the end of sentence particle).

Religion

A basic traditional Temuan belief is that their God and ancestors are always present with them, guarding their safety.

At the end of every year, the Temuans celebrate Aik Gayak Muyang (Ancestor Day in English). This celebration is to thank their God and ancestors for the crops they grow and for the peaceful life they have had.^[10]

The Temuans believe they were placed on the earth (Tanah Tujuh) by Muyang (God) to be guardians of the rain forest and that if they fail in their sacred duty, the whole world will turn upside down and humanity will perish.^[8] Each river, hill, stream, rock, tree and shrub is animated by a guardian spirit. Rivers are guarded by dragons (naga) and snakes (ular) which often cause mayhem if their homes are desecrated.

The Temuan’s culture reflects their belief in these nature spirits. Their animism takes the form of taboos, herbal remedies, ritual ceremonies and magic. They have dukun (healers) and a village bomoh (shaman) who, when in a trance state, communicates with the nature spirits. It is the shaman who leads the tribe in the annual sawai or sewang - an ancient earth healing ritual to honour their ancestors and appease the guardian spirits.^[11]

Although today the Temuans mostly adhere to their animistic beliefs, the rest have now largely converted to either Christianity or Islam.^[12] This happens especially when Temuans married with people outside of their ethnic groups, whether it's with the Malays, Chinese or other ethnic groups in the country.^[13]^[14]

Culture

Celebrations

Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day)

The Temuan celebrate Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day) at the end of the year and the beginning of new year.^[10] Aik Muyang honoring their ancestor for giving them good life and save from Celau (storm).^[15] The celebration take place in different day between 15 December to 15 January.

Gogo (Bogeng)

Gogo (Bogeng) is village ceremonial dancing.^[16] When the Temuan get married their will organised "Gogo" at between 8 p.m until 7 a.m the next day. The live band will played the music and every people from other village join to dance.

Customs

Hierarchy structure

Food

Typical Temuan food are usually cooked in bamboo. Temuan dishes are such as:-^[17]

Traditional medicine

The Temuan people also possess knowledge in traditional medicine. There also those from the city folks who would seek consultation from the Orang Asli to cure their illness and problems. Among of the illness that the Temuan shaman could cure are such as fever, diarrhea, blood clot, kidney disease and many more by using herbs or animal based medicine. Examples of herbs used:-^[18]

It is also known that the Temuan people themselves have begun to cultivate some of the herbs as an indication of the common health problems faced by them. Examples of such species that have been cultivated by the Temuan people instead of gathering them from the wild are:-^[19]

The common method of administering the herbs by the Temuan people are by consuming the decoction of the roots orally, such as the Polyalthia bullata, Andrographis paniculata, Parkia speciosa, Zingiber officinale and many more.^[20] Other methods of administering the herbs includes eating, rubbing, chewing, bathing, shampooing and poultice. Some herbs have multiple methods of administering its medicinal properties to treat for different illness. For example, root decoction of Alpinia conchigera is used as a shampoo to clean fleas on the head, its leaves are used as poultice to treat boils and post-childbirth swelling on the stomach, while its rhizome can be pounded as rubbing for bone ache, and also powdered to be mixed with water as poultice for stomach ache.^[21]

There are also many of the city folks that uses "Love potion" (Minyak pengasih, literally means "Love oil") from the Orang Asli shamans. Minyak pengasih are among the most popular item obtained from the services of the Orang Asli shamans. The function of the oil is to regain the feelings of lost love ones.^[22]

Settlement area

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=99-716-9861-7}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=|title=Human Heredity|year=1978|contribution=S. Karger|publisher=Karger|issn=|page=62}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/93c38c2f6837049ec87607013c0c5404.pdf |title=Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia |author=Nobuta Toshihiro |publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns |year=2009 |accessdate=2018-01-19}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications//0133_95_The_Orang_Asli_and_the_contest_for_resources.pdf |title=The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia |author=Colin Nicholas |publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |year=2000 |accessdate=2018-01-19 |isbn=87-90730-15-1 }}
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=4 |title= Basic Data / Statistics |author= |publisher= Center for Orang Asli Concerns |year= |accessdate=2018-01-19}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Alberto Gomes|title=Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=11-341-0076-0}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Malaya. Museums Department, Malaysia. Jabatan Muzium|title=Federation Museums Journal, Volumes 16-23|year=1971|publisher=Museums Department, States of Malaya|isbn=|page=6}}
8. ^¹{{cite book|author=Man Ess|title=Kisah Lagenda Temuan: Wak Beull dengan Mamak Bungsuk|year=2014|publisher=Blue Crystal Enterprise|isbn=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.magickriver.net/akarumbi.htm |title=Akar Umbi |publisher=Magic River |accessdate=2016-11-12}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/339535 |title=How our dependency on fossil fuel is harming indigenous folk |author=Fatimah Zainal |publisher=Malaysia Kini |date=28 April 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-11}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://aliran.com/archives/monthly/2005a/5g.html |title=Akar Umbi: Songs of the Dragon, indigenous identity and Temuan rights to the Forest |author=Tan Sooi Beng |publisher=Aliran Monthly |date=2005 |accessdate=2016-11-13}}
12. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://journal-archieves18.webs.com/421-433.pdf |title=Enhancing Temuan Tribe Economic Activities As An Indigenous Attraction In Kampung Dengkil, Mukim Sepang, Selangor |author=Haliza Mohd Said, Zainal Abidin Ramli & Sukma Dina Radin |publisher=Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business |page=425 |date=May 2012 |accessdate=2017-07-06}}
13. ^{{cite book|contribution=Universiti Sains Malaysia. Social Anthropology Section|title=Provisional Research Report, Issues 4-6|year=1976|publisher=Social Anthropology Section, School of Comparative Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia|isbn=|page=220}}
14. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1684929/pdf/ajhg00212-0081.pdf |title=Genetic Factors and Malaria in the Temuan |author=A. Baer, L. E. Lie-Injo, Q. B. Welch, & A. N. Lewis |page=180 |date=1976 |accessdate=2017-07-06 |pmc=1684929 |pmid=817597 |volume=28 |journal=Am J Hum Genet}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.createekit.com/blogs/news/meet-the-temuans|title=Meet the Temuans|date=2 July 2018|accessdate=21 September 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/etemuan/tdictinoary.html |title=Kamus |author=Bahuk |publisher=Temuan Orang Asli |date=23 April 2009 |accessdate=2016-11-13}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/07/161935/good-earth |title=The Good Earth |author=Kerry-Ann Augustin |publisher=New Straits Times |date=31 July 2016 |accessdate=2016-11-12}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c810/7b0e574dc7195933514e20da3b950f861b0a.pdf |title=Ethno-medicinal Resources Used By the Temuan in Ulu Kuang Village |author=M. A. Azliza, H. C. Ong, S. Vikineswary, A. Noorlidah & N.W. Haron |publisher=Kamla-Raj, Ethno Med, 6(1) |year=2012 |accessdate=2018-01-02 |page=17-22}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://repository.um.edu.my/16968/1/EM-05-3-169-11-186-Ong-H-C-Tt.pdf |title=Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Temuan Villagers in Kampung Tering, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia |author=Hean Chooi Ong, Norliah Ahmad & Pozi Milow |publisher=Kamla-Raj, Ethno Med, 5(3) |year=2011 |accessdate=2018-01-02 |page=169-173}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://repository.um.edu.my/20465/1/EM-05-2-095-11-179-Ong-H-C-Tt.pdf |title=Ethno-medicinal Plants Used by the Temuan Villagers in Kampung Jeram Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia |author=H. C. Ong, S. Chua & P. Milow |publisher=Kamla-Raj, Ethno Med, 5(2) |year=2011 |accessdate=2018-01-02 |page=95-100}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JTAS%20Vol.%2022%20(2)%20Sep.%201999/05%20PAGE%2085-94.pdf |title=The Use of Medicinal Plant Species by the Temuan Tribe of Ayer Hitam Forest, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia |author=Faridah Hanum & Nurulhuda Hamzah |publisher=Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 22(2) |year=1999 |accessdate=2018-01-02 |page=85-94}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=Kit Leee|title=Tanah Tujuh: Close Encounters with the Temuan Mythos|year=2007|contribution=|publisher=Silverfish Books|isbn=98-332-2113-0|page=74}}