| 词条 | Mk 2 grenade | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mk 2 Grenade | image = MkII 07.JPG | image_size = 250 | caption = World War II–era Mk 2 grenade | origin = United States | type = Time-fused grenade | is_explosive = yes, about 55 grams of TNT | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = | is_UK = | service = 1918–1960s (United States) | used_by = Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, Philippines, United States, Taiwan(ROC) | wars = World War I, World War II, Chinese Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Suez Crisis, Six-Day War, Battle of Marawi | design_date = 1918 | production_date = 1918–1950s | spec_label = | weight = About 1 lb 5 oz (595 g) depending upon filling | length = 3.5 in (89 mm) body 4.5 in (114 mm) overall | width = | height = | diameter = 2.3 in (58 mm) | crew = | filling = Varied | filling_weight = Varied | detonation = percussion cap & time fuse: 4–5 second delay | yield = }} The Mk 2 grenade (initially known as the Mk II) is a fragmentation type anti-personnel hand grenade introduced by the U.S. armed forces in 1918. It was the standard issue anti-personnel grenade used during World War II and in later conflicts, including the Vietnam War. Replacing the failed Mk 1 grenade of 1917, it was standardized in 1920 as the Mk II, and redesignated the Mk 2 on April 2, 1945. The Mk 2 was replaced by the M26-series (M26/M61/M57) and later M33 series (M33/M67). It was phased out gradually in service beginning with the Korean War. Due to the tremendous quantity manufactured during World War II, it was in limited standard issue with the US Army and US Marine Corps throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The U.S. Navy was one of the last users when it was discontinued in 1969. DescriptionThe Mk 2 grenade replaced the failed Mk 1 grenade used by the U.S. military during World War I. 44 million were ordered and more than 21 million were completed (it was possible to convert Mk 1 grenade bodies to the Mk 2 configuration) before the war ended, but few reached American troops overseas. It was formally standardized in 1920. The Mk 2, like the Mk 1, was manufactured of cast iron with a grooved surface divided into 40 knobs in 5 rows of 8 columns. This was to enhance fragmentation (in practice, it was found that the grooves did not enhance fragmentation as much as desired {{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}) and provide a better grip when handling and throwing the grenade. The grooves and knobs gave it the appearance of a pineapple, and are the origin of that nickname. It was also commonly referred to as a "frag" grenade, in contrast to other types of grenades such as the Mk 3 grenade concussion grenade. FusesThe Mk 2 used the M5, M6, M10, M11, or M204 series fuses. The early M5, and the later M6 and M204 series detonating fuses, were used on high explosive-filled grenades. The M10 and M11 series igniting fuses were used on low explosive-filled ones. The early fuses had many problems. In the M5, moisture could get in under the foil fuse cap, causing the weapon to fail to detonate. The early fuses were not completely silent and made a loud "bang" and produced sparks when activated. They also made a faint "hissing" sound while burning, potentially alerting the enemy of their presence. The M10, used during the interwar period, and the M10A1, used early in WWII, sometimes prematurely detonated when the flash from the primer hit the explosive charge rather than the delay fuse. They were replaced by the M10A2 and M10A3. A less common type of igniting fuse was the M11. The M6A4C had a delay of 4 seconds. The M5 and M11, like the M10, M10A1 and M10A2, had a delay of 4 to 5 seconds. The later M10A3 had a delay of 4.5 to 5.3 seconds. In 1944, the M6A4C was replaced by the silent and more reliable 4 to 5 second delay M204 or M204A1 fuse. Due to the large number of grenades already issued, few grenades with the new fuses were used in combat during WWII. FillingsThe original Mk 2 grenade had a {{convert|3/8|inch|mm|adj=on}} threaded plug in its base, which covered the opening used to place the explosive filling, either {{cvt|1.85|oz|g}} of TNT, {{cvt|2.33|oz|g}} of Trojan explosive (a mixture of 40% nitrostarch, ammonium nitrate, and sodium nitrate), {{cvt|1.85|oz|g}} of a 50/50 amatol/nitrostarch mixture, or {{cvt|1.85|oz|g}} of Grenite (a mixture of 95% nitrostarch and binders). Some early Mk 2 grenades were filled with {{cvt|0.74|oz|g}} of smokeless EC powder. The improved "Mk 2A1" (a designation used informally by armorers, historians, and collectors but was never officially by the US military[1]) introduced in 1942 was filled through the fuse well instead. The Mk 2A1 was initially filled with {{cvt|0.74|oz|g}} of EC powder. In 1944, the EC powder filling was replaced with {{cvt|1.85|oz|g}} of TNT. Low explosive-filled Mk 2s had their cast iron bodies painted gray or black to prevent rust. Pre-WWII high explosive-filled Mk 2s were painted bright yellow. During wartime (from about 1943 onwards), grenades were overpainted in olive drab, leaving a narrow yellow ring remaining at the top. Not all were overpainted, however, as D-Day film footage shows. Mk 2 practice grenades were painted red (a practice copied from the French military). M21 practice grenades were painted light blue (a practice copied from the British military) and had blue-painted fuse levers, often with the end painted light brown indicating a "low explosive" marking charge. VariantsMk 2 grenades came 25 to a wooden crate and were shipped in small fiberboard packing tubes. High explosive-filled Mk 2s were shipped unfused to prevent accidental detonation. Their fuses were shipped separately and came in flat cardboard boxes of 25. EC powder-filled grenades were shipped with their fuses attached. Variants included:
GallerySee also
Notes and references1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inert-ord.net/usa03a/usa2/index.html |title='''Mk 2A1?''' |publisher=Inert-ord.net |date= |accessdate=2018-09-11}}
External links{{Commons category|Mk II grenade}}
5 : Hand grenades of the United States|World War I infantry weapons of the United States|World War II infantry weapons of the United States|Fragmentation grenades|Weapons of the Philippine Army |
||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。