“Ankhesenamun”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ankhesenamun ({{lang|egy|ˁnḫ-s-n-imn}}, "Her Life Is of Amun"; c. 1348 – after 1322 BC) was a queen of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Born as Ankhesenpaaten, she was the third of six known daughters of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten and his Great Royal Wife Nefertiti, and became the Great Royal Wife of her half-brother Tutankhamun.^[1] The change in her name reflects the changes in Ancient Egyptian religion during her lifetime after her father's death. Her youth is well documented in the ancient reliefs and paintings of the reign of her parents. Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun shared the same father but Tutankhamun's mother has recently been established by genetic evidence as one of Akhenaten's sisters, a daughter (so far unidentified) of Amenhotep III.

She was most likely born in year 4 of Akhenaten's reign and by year 12 of her father's reign she was joined by her three younger sisters. He possibly made his wife his co-regent and had his family portrayed in a realistic style in all official artwork.

Ankhesenamun was definitely married to one king; she was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. It is also possible that she was briefly married to Tutankhamun's successor, Ay, believed by some to be her maternal grandfather.^[2] It has also been posited that she may have been the Great Royal Wife of her father, Akhenaten, after the possible death of her mother, and co-regent of Akhenaten's immediate successor, Smenkhkare.

Recent DNA tests released in February 2010 have also speculated that one of two late 18th dynasty queens buried in KV21 could be her mummy. Both mummies are thought, because of DNA, to be members of the ruling house.^[3]

Early life

Ankhesenpaaten was born in a time when Egypt was in the midst of an unprecedented religious revolution (c. 1348 BC). Her father had abandoned the old deities of Egypt in favor of the Aten, hitherto a minor aspect of the sun-god, characterised as the sun's disc.

She is believed to have been born in Waset (present-day Thebes), but probably grew up in her father's new capital city of Akhetaten (present-day Amarna). The three eldest daughters – Meritaten, Meketaten, and Ankhesenpaaten – became the "Senior Princesses" and participated in many functions of the government and religion. Her birthdate is not known.

Later life

She is believed to have been married first to her own father.^[4] This was not unusual for Egyptian royal families. She is thought to have been the mother of the princess Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (possibly by her father or by Smenkhkare), although the parentage is unclear.^[1]

A ring discovered is thought to show that Ankhesenamun married Ay shortly before she disappeared from history, although no monuments show her as a royal consort.^[7] On the walls of Ay's tomb it is Tey (Ay's senior wife), not Ankhesenamun, who appears as queen. She probably died during or shortly after his reign and no burial has been found for her yet.

Hittite letters

A document was found in the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa which dates to the Amarna period; the so-called "Deeds" of Suppiluliuma I. The Hittite ruler receives a letter from the Egyptian queen, while being in siege on Karkemish. The letter reads:

This document is considered extraordinary, as Egyptians traditionally considered foreigners to be inferior. Suppiluliuma I was surprised and exclaimed to his courtiers:

Understandably, he was wary, and had an envoy investigate, but by so doing, he missed his chance to bring Egypt into his empire. He eventually did send one of his sons, Zannanza, but the prince died, perhaps murdered, en route.^[9]

The identity of the queen who wrote the letter is uncertain. She is called Dakhamunzu in the Hittite annuals, a possible transliteration of the Egyptian title Tahemetnesu (The King's Wife).^[10]{{failed verification|date=March 2016}} Possible candidates are Nefertiti, Meritaten,^[2] and Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun seemed once likely since there were no candidates for the throne on the death of her husband, Tutankhamun, whereas Akhenaten had at least two legitimate successors.^[5] but this was based on a 27-year reign for the last 18th pharaoh Horemheb who is now accepted to have had a shorter reign of only 14 years. This makes the deceased Egyptian king appear to be Akhenaten instead rather than Tutankhamun. The phrase regarding marriage to 'one of my subjects' (translated by some as 'servants') is possibly a reference to the Grand Vizier Ay or a secondary member of the Egyptian royal family line. Since Nefertiti was depicted as powerful as her husband in official monuments smiting Egypt's enemies, she might be the Dakhamunzu in the Amarna correspondence as Nicholas Reeves believes.^[11] Ankhesenamun may have been pressured by Ay to marry him and legitimise his claim to the throne of Egypt (which she eventually did)^[12] This also might explain why she describes herself as 'afraid', especially considering the popular (but not widely accepted) theory that Ay had a hand in her husband's death.^[13] A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions, malaria and leiomyomata, combined, led to his death.^[14]

Mummy KV21A

DNA testing announced in February 2010 has speculated that her mummy is one of two 18th Dynasty queens recovered from KV21 in the Valley of the Kings.^[3]

The two fetuses found buried with Tutankhamun have been proven to be his children, and the current theory is Ankhesenamun is their mother. Not enough DNA was able to be retrieved from the mummies in KV21 to make positive identities of the queens. Enough DNA was pulled to show that the mummy known as KV21a fits as the mother of the two fetuses in Tutankhamun's tomb.^[3] The assumption that she is Ankhesenamun fit with her being the only known wife of Tutankhamun in the historical record.

There is however one problem with this identification: if KV21a is Ankhesenamun, then the KV55 mummy probably is not Akhenaten, known to be her father from historical records. The DNA retrieved of the KV21a mummy fits with her being the mother of the fetuses, but not the daughter of KV55. Therefore:

Nevertheless, the KV21a mummy has DNA consistent with the 18th dynasty royal line, therefore making it likely she was a member of the Thutmoside ruling house and supporting her identification with Ankhesenamun.

KV63

After excavating the tomb KV63 it is speculated that it was designed for Ankhesenamun due to its proximity to the tomb of Tutankhamun's KV62.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Also found in the tomb were coffins (one with an imprint of a woman on it), women's clothing, jewelry and natron. Fragments of pottery bearing the partial name Paaten were also in the tomb. The only royal person known to bear this name was Ankhesenamun, whose name was originally Ankhesenpaaten. However, there were no mummies found in KV63.

In popular culture

Ankhesenpaaten/Ankhesenamum appears as a fictionalized character in these works:

Ancestry and family

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|first=Aidan|last=Dodson|author2=Dyan Hilton|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2004|pages=148}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian Queens; a hieroglyphic dictionary|first=Wolfram|last=Grajetzki|year=2000|location=London|publisher=Golden House|pages=64}}
3. ^¹²Lorenzi, Rosella. "King Tut Felled by Malaria, Bone Disease." Discovery News, February 16, 2010. Retrieved from http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/king-tut-dna-lineage.html.
4. ^{{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Nicholas|year=2001|title=Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet|publisher=Thames and Hudson}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.suziemanley.com/famous_egyptians/ankhesenamen.htm|title=Ankhesenamun - Queen of Tutankhamun and Daughter of Akhenaten|author=Manley, Suzie |work=Egypt * Pyramids * History}}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Ankhesenamun.html|title=Queen Ankhesenamun|publisher=Saint Louis University}}
7. ^{{cite book|first=Aidan|last=Dodson|author2=Dyan Hilton|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2004|pages=153}}
8. ^{{cite journal |title=The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II |jstor=1359041 |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1956 }}
9. ^{{cite book|pages=254|author=Amelie Kuhrt|title=The Ancient Middle East c. 3000 – 330 BC|volume=1|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Towards an Absolute Chronology for Ancient Egypt|pages=5|author=William McMurray|format=pdf|url=http://www.egiptomania.com/EEF/ACAE1.pdf}}
11. ^Nicholas Reeves,[https://www.academia.edu/7415055/Tutankhamuns_Mask_Reconsidered_in_press_corrected_proof_2015_ Tutankhamun's Mask Reconsidered] BES 19 (2014), pp.523
12. ^Christine El Mahdy (2001), "Tutankhamun" (St Griffin's Press)
13. ^Brier, Bob (1999) "The Murder of Tutankhamen" (Berkeley Trade)
14. ^{{cite news|last=Roberts |first=Michelle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8516425.stm |date=2010-02-16 |accessdate=2010-03-12 | work=BBC News | title='Malaria' killed King Tutankhamun}}