1. Foundation

2. Allegory in performance

3. References

4. Further reading
    Broadcast 

5. External links

Foundation

Many scholars have noted religious allegories and references in Shakespeare's plays. For example, quotations from the Bible are used in 3,000 places as shown by professor Naseeb Shaheen, and 14 different translations are used.^[6] In a few places the playwright has translated the Book of Genesis using the original Hebrew. In addition, there are many other church and religious references. For example, in 1999 in his study of Julius Caesar, Professor Steve Sohmer argues that the playwright "set out to interrogate the truth of the Gospels".^[7] Similarly in 1988 Linda Hoff posited that Hamlet is entirely a religious allegory.^[8] According to the study by Peter Milward, King Lear, Antony and Cleopatra, Hamlet, Richard III, Henry VIII all include detailed Apocalypse allegories.^[9]

Elizabethan literature routinely used allegories to communicate hidden meanings.^[10] Contemporary literary critics advised that instead of feasting on the verse, readers should look beneath the surface to "digest the allegory", as Sir John Harington put it in the introduction to his translation of Orlando Furioso. State Decipherers sitting in audiences attempted to detect hidden meanings in the plays being staged, as recorded by Ben Jonson.

Dark Lady Players was founded by John Hudson, a Shakespeare scholar most notable for his advocacy of the theory that the works of Shakespeare were written by Emilia Bassano Lanier.^{[11][12][13][14]} Hudson received a graduate degree from the Shakespeare Institute at the University of Birmingham, and is currently the artistic director of the Dark Lady Players.

Allegory in performance

In 2007 the Dark Lady Players performed an allegorical production of '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTtDvyApMFk 'A Midsummer Night's Dream] at the Abingdon Theater in New York.^[15] The allegory was based on work by Professor Patricia Parker in her article 'Murals and Morals; A Midsummer Night's Dream' (1998). She believes that Pyramus and Thisbe were an allegory for Jesus and the Church, the Wall is the Partition that comes down on the day of Apocalypse, Peter Quince is Saint Peter, and Puck is the Devil. In addition, the production used work by John Hudson, in his 2008 thesis at the Shakespeare Institute of the University of Birmingham, to show the allegorical identity of all the other characters.^[16] The result was a consistent religious allegory—but one that was Jewish in nature rather than Christian—because it ends with a Jewish Apocalypse featuring a dew blessing, after the comic re-union in Quince's play-within-the-play ended in the deaths of both protagonists.

In 2008 the Dark Lady Players performed two different versions of As You Like It, which draws on the allegory hypothesized by Richard Knowles.^[17] The workshop production was directed by Greeman as part of the Shakespeare Symposium at ManhattanTheaterSource. The subsequent production in summer 2008 at the Midtown International Theatre Festival was directed by the Stephen Wisker.^[4] A film was made for Manhattan cable television on the production. The work was presented at Eastern Connecticut State University on 11 November 2009, and their lecture [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwX5sM3xLsM Who Wrote Shakespeare?] is available at the University website.^[18] On 15 December 2009 at Manhattan Theater Source they produced a festival of short plays written about Amelia Lanier by nine New York City playwrights. Playwright Bella Poynton was the festival winner, and then commissioned by the company to write a full-length play detailing Lanier's life.

In September 2009 the Dark Lady Players produced a piece titled Shakespeare's Three Virgin Marys, which examined the allegorical Mary figures identified in the academic literature by researchers such as Chris Hassel, Linda Hoff, and Steve Sohmer. Extracts from the production were featured in a TV news feature on the Dark Lady Players that was broadcast on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GXI5S85Jms The Jewish Channel] on September 11, 2009. The Dark Lady Players produced [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEA_4V0mk_A Hamlet's Apocalypse], an allegorical version of Hamlet in November 2010 at Manhattan Theatre Source in Greenwich Village.

In 2011, the company performed a site-specific museum-style tour of Shakespeare's Gospel Parodies, subtitled "A Medieval Mystery Tour" at The Center at West-Park Church, in repertory with the Woodshed Collective's The Tenant. The show featured docents, played by actors, who led audience members on tours through 12 scenes from Shakespeare.^[5] In 2012 the DLP presented a one-night lecture event on Shakespeare's Annunciation Parodies, featuring scenes from Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night, Hamlet, and Othello. The Dark Lady Players entered an ensemble piece roughly titled "Shakespeare Flash Mob" for the 2012 Figment Festival and performed a full-length original play by Bella Poynton, Midsummer Madness, in August 2012 at the Central Park Bandshell. In 2014 the company is performing a version of Othello that suggests the Emilia character is an allegory for Amelia Bassano Lanier, as described in an article in Howlround (http://www.howlround.com/a-new-approach-to-othello-shakespeares-dark-lady). IN March 2014 Amberley Publishing is releasing a book "Shakespeare's Dark Lady" which argues the case for Lanier's authorship of these plays as Jewish satires. An advance review in Kirkus Reviews on February 6, 2014 describes it as 'Well-researched, fascinating and thought-provoking' (www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/john-hudson/shakespeares-dark-lady-amelia-bassano-lanier/ ). However, Hudson's theories have not been widely accepted by Shakespeare scholars.

Current company members include Alexandra Cohler, Mimi Hirt, Elizabeth Weitzen, Emily Hyman, Shykia Fields, Petra Denison and Bella Poynton.

References

Further reading

• Mark L. Caldwell, 'Allegory: The Renaissance Mode', ELH, vol. 44, No. 4. (Winter, 1977), pp. 580–600.
• Rhodes Dunlap, 'The Allegorical Interpretation of Renaissance Literature', PMLA vol. 82, no.1 (1967) 39-43.
• Linda Kay Hoff, Hamlet's Choice; Hamlet A Reformation Allegory, Lewiston; E.Mellon Press (1988).
• John Hudson, A Midsummer Night's Dream; An Experiment in Allegorical Staging, University of Birmingham, The Shakespeare Institute (2008).
• John Hudson "Amelia Bassano Lanier; A New Paradigm for the Shakespearean Authorship" The Oxfordian, Summer/Fall, (2009)
• Richard Knowles, 'Myth and Type in As You Like It', ELH vol 33,no 1 (1966) 1-22.
• Ted Merwin,'The Dark Lady as a Bright Literary Light', The Jewish Week, 23 March, (2007) 56-7.
• Peter Milward, Shakespeare's Apocalypse, London; St Austin Press, (1999).
• Patricia Parker, 'Murals and Morals; A Midsummer Night's Dream', Aporemata;Kritische Studien zur Philologiegeschichte (1998) 190-218.
• Michael Posner 'Rethinking Shakespeare' The Queen's Quarterly, vol. 115, no. 2 (2008) 1-15
• Michael Posner 'Was Shakespeare a Woman?' The Globe and Mail 15/16 January 2010
• Naseeb Shaheen, Biblical References in Shakespeare's Plays, University of Delaware Press (1999).
• Steve Sohmer, Shakespeare's Mystery Play;The Opening of the Globe Theatre 1599, Manchester University Press (1999).
• Bernard Spivack, Shakespeare and the Allegory of Evil, Columbia University Press (1958).
• Julia Wallace,'That's Miss Shakespeare To You', Village Voice March 28-April 3, (2007) 42.

Broadcast

• The Jewish Channel/Rebecca H. Friedman The Dark Lady Players (September, 2009)
• John Hudson and Jenny Greeman 'The Shakespeare Show', broadcast on New York Talk Radio July 7, 2009

External links

• Dark Lady Players official website

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