“Thomas Rowe Edmonds”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Thomas Rowe Edmonds (1803–1889) was an English actuary and political economist.

Life

He was born in Penzance in Cornwall on 20 June 1803, the son of Richard Edmonds who was town clerk of Marazion, and his wife Elizabeth.^[1] Richard Edmonds was a younger brother.^[2]

Edmonds attended Penzance Grammar School under George Morris. He then entered Trinity College, Cambridge as a sizar in 1822, graduating B.A. in 1826. He worked as an actuary for the Legal and General Life Assurance Society from 1832 to 1866.^[3]

Actuary and statistician

Edmonds applied the method of Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin for life tables to England, as Joshua Milne had done with data from Carlisle, Cumberland.^[4] He became a fellow of the Statistical Society in 1836.^[1]

Edmonds wrote a series of 15 papers in The Lancet, from 1836 to 1842, on the topic of mortality and health, the first being "On the laws of collective vitality".^[5] It was to be a major influence in the field of epidemiology, as developed by William Farr.^[6] While Edmonds and Farr both did pioneer work on vital statistics, the starting point for Edmonds was the needs of life insurance.^[7] For Farr, there were applications to mortality and morbidity.^[8] It was from the first paper of the Lancet series that Farr acquired a number of central points that Edmonds was making, in particular about collection of data.^[9] Edmonds took to campaigning journalism. In The Lancet, and other periodicals edited by Farr and Thomas Wakley, he wrote polemically, in particular against the officials John Rickman and John Finlaison.^[7]

Two committees of the Statistical Society involved Edmonds. In 1838 he was the leader of a group of six fellows asking for a committee to work on vital statistics. The plan was to circulate insurance offices with a request for information The matter was taken up by Benjamin Gompertz in correspondence with Charles Babbage. In the end an external group of actuaries was consulted.^[10] In 1841 Farr pressed for a committee to collect vital statistics from patients at London hospitals. A distinguished group came together, and two reports were produced.^[11]^[12]

In 1852 Edmonds gave evidence to a House of Commons committee on income and property tax.^[13] The following year he gave evidence to a committee chaired by James Wilson, on the Legal and General's business practices, and assurance associations in general.^[14]

Socialist

Edmonds is considered a Ricardian socialist,^[15] though this is disputed by Thompson,^[16] and an Owenite.^[17] He has also been called a "co-operative socialist".^[18] He anticipated Karl Marx in a theory of surplus labour and wages, and in postulating the replacement of capitalism by a later stage, which he called the "social system".^[19]

Works

Practical Moral and Political Economy (1828)

This work is considered, by J. W. Burrow, to contain evolutionary ideas, Lamarckian and in the style of Erasmus Darwin, and to anticipate Herbert Spencer in introducing such ideas into social thought.^[20] On the other hand, Edmonds was a polygenist believing in immutable human species, and no social Darwinist. His analysis of pauperism was inconsistent, but he could attribute it to the effects of private property.^[21] F. J. C. Hearnshaw considered that the book foreshadowed Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics.^[22]

Life Tables (1832)

In Life Tables, founded upon the discovery of a numerical law regulating the existence of every human being (1832),^[23] Edmonds claimed as a new discovery on the mortality rate a model on ageing and mortality found in the 1820s by Benjamin Gompertz. He promoted its application to case fatality risk, to medical professionals.^[24] He also remarked on many other related topics, such as maximum birth rates and gender mortality differentials.^[25]

In his mortality theory, Edmonds took up observations of Richard Price, dividing life into three periods (childhood, "manhood" from age 12 to 55, and old age). He quantified mortality by using different geometric progressions in each period.^[26] His table became known as "Edmonds's Mean Mortality".^[27] He persisted into the 1860s with his piecewise approach, though by then with two periods, rather than the sigmoid curve model of Gompertz.^[28] But Edmonds came in for some rough handling for his continuing assertions of the independence of his model from that of Gompertz. Augustus De Morgan and Thomas Bond Sprague took him to task during the early 1860s, in the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries.^[29] This controversy was later thought to have slowed acceptance of the refinement proposed by William Makeham to the Gompertz model, now the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality.^[30]

An Enquiry into the Principles of Population (1832)

In arguing against Malthus, Edmonds (in common with Richard Jones, Augustus Henry Moreton and George Rickards) laid weight on factors that could cause postponement of marriage.^[34] In general he relied on "non-moral" effects, and Chapter VIII of the book addressed the possible effects on labourers' fertility of upward mobility.^[35] Edmonds attributed some contemporary social problems to the small extent of the middle class.^[36] He rejected "Sadler's law" put forth by Michael Thomas Sadler two years earlier, to the effect that higher population density led to lower fertility, on the basis of empirical work in some urban areas. Later research by David Heron confirmed Edmonds's findings, which left open the question of urban versus rural fertility.^[37]

Family

Edmonds married Elizabeth Elspith Ruddack in 1833. They had a son, Frederic Bernard.^[1]

References

Notes

1. ^¹²³{{cite ODNB|id=40991|title=Edmonds, Thomas Rowe|first=John M.|last=Eyler}}
2. ^{{cite ODNB|id=8487|title=Edmonds, Richard|first=Denise|last=Crook}}
3. ^{{acad|EDMS822TR|Edmonds, Thomas Rowe}}
4. ^{{cite book|author1=C. C. Heyde|author2=Eugene Seneta|title=Statisticians of The Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DD1FKq6fFoC&pg=PA164|accessdate=12 June 2013|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-95329-8|page=164}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Woods|title=The Demography of Victorian England and Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75DZmQtybMwC&pg=PA174|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=5 October 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78254-8|page=174}}
6. ^http://www.epidemiology.ch/history/papers/SPM%2047(1)%206-13%20Eyler-2.pdf
7. ^¹{{cite book|author=Alfredo Morabia|title=A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA149|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-7643-6818-0|pages=149–50}}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Power|title=Accounting and Science: Natural Inquiry and Commercial Reason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bm2jWMdYen0C&pg=PA84|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55699-6|page=84}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Libby Schweber|title=Disciplining Statistics: Demography and Vital Statistics in France and England, 1830–1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yp8GHhnXQngC&pg=PA95|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=7 November 2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8852-4|page=95}}
10. ^{{cite book |author=Michael J. Cullen|title=The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain|year=1975|publisher=Harvester Press|page=96}}
11. ^Besides Edmonds, the committee included also John Clendenning, Joseph Fletcher, William Guy, Rawson Rawson, William Henry Sykes, and Alexander Murray Tulloch.
12. ^{{cite book |author=Michael J. Cullen|title=The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain|year=1975|publisher=Harvester Press|page=98}}
13. ^{{cite book|title=The Medical Times and Gazette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zljnly-jFYEC&pg=PA468|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1852|publisher=J. & A. Churchill|page=468}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Reports from Committees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6dbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA121|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1853|publisher=Ordered to be printed|pages=121–40}}
15. ^Perelman, p. 82.
16. ^{{cite book|author=Noel W. Thompson|title=The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1e9SXOCl2-4C&pg=PA82|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=2 May 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89342-8|page=82}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Power|title=Accounting and Science: Natural Inquiry and Commercial Reason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bm2jWMdYen0C&pg=PA91|accessdate=11 June 2013|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55699-6|page=91}}
18. ^¹{{cite book|author=Tom Brass|title=Labour Regime Change in the Twenty-First Century: Unfreedom, Capitalism and Primitive Accumulation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7QkxYuIshcC&pg=PA37|accessdate=12 June 2013|date=9 September 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20247-4|page=37 note 58}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Alfredo Morabia|title=A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA151|accessdate=12 June 2013|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-7643-6818-0|page=151}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=John Wyon Burrow|title=Evolution and society: a study in Victorian social theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=1 January 1966|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-04393-9|pages=78 note 1}}
21. ^{{cite book|author=Mike Hawkins|title=Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&pg=PA55|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=13 March 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57434-1|pages=55–6}}
22. ^F. J. C. Hearnshaw, Social & political ideas of some representative thinkers of the Victorian Age: a series of lectures delivered at King's College, University of London, during the session 1931–32 (1950), p. 264; [https://archive.org/stream/social00inhear#page/264/mode/2up archive.org.]
23. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Rowe Edmonds|title=Life tables, founded upon the discovery of a numerical law regulating the existence of every human being|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH8GevtTVGkC|accessdate=11 June 2013|year=1832}}
24. ^Robert Lee, Early Death and Long Life in History: Establishing the Scale of Premature Death in Europe and its Cultural, Economic and Social Significance Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung Vol. 34, No. 4 (130), Premature Death: Patterns of Identity and Meaning From a Historical Perspective / Vorzeitiger Tod: Identitäts- und Sinnstiftung in historischer Perspektive (2009), pp. 23–60, at p. 28. Published by: GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Center for Historical Social Research. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20762397
25. ^{{cite book|author=Robert Woods|title=The Demography of Victorian England and Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75DZmQtybMwC&pg=PA175|accessdate=12 June 2013|date=5 October 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78254-8|page=175 note 12}}
26. ^{{cite book|author=John Bell|title=On Regimen and Longevity: Comprising Materia Alimentaria, National Dietetic Usages, and the Influence of Civilization on Health and the Duration of Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1842|publisher=Haswell & Johnson|page=395}}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Institute of Actuaries (Great Britain)|title=Journal of the Institute of Actuaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-orAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA251|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1869|page=251}}
28. ^{{cite book|author=Institute of Actuaries (Great Britain)|title=The Assurance Magazine, and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EQDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15|accessdate=12 June 2013|year=1867|publisher=C. & E. Layton.|page=15 note}}
29. ^{{cite book|author1=Steven Haberman|author2=Trevor A. Sibbett|title=History of actuarial science: Life tables and survival model, part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKvzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 June 2013|date=September 1995|publisher=William Pickering|isbn=978-1-85196-161-0|page=286}}
30. ^R., The late William Matthew Makeham, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886–1994) Vol. 30, No. 1 (April 1892), pp. 1–8 at p. 4. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41136002
31. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Rowe Edmonds|title=An enquiry into the principles of population, exhibiting a system of regulations for the poor ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQ7AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 June 2013|year=1832|publisher=J. Duncan}}
32. ^Eversley, p. 43.
33. ^{{cite book|author=Garrett Hardin|title=Living within Limits: Ecology, Economics, and Population Taboos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA9-TUK3TrkC&pg=PA165|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=22 April 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802403-3|page=165}}
34. ^Eversley, p. 257.
35. ^Eversley, p. 74 and p. 108.
36. ^{{cite book|author=Dror Wahrman|title=Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, C.1780–1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbpfKwGqgQQC&pg=PA365|accessdate=11 June 2013|date=13 July 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47710-9|page=365}}
37. ^Eversley, pp. 43–4.