| 词条 | Tookoolito |
| 释义 |
"Hannah" Tookoolito ({{lang-iu|ᑕᖁᓕᑦᑐᖅ|i=no}} {{IPA-iu|taqulittuq|}}; {{circa|1838}} – December 31, 1876) was an Inuk translator and guide. She and her husband, "Joe" Ebierbing, worked alongside Arctic explorer Charles Francis Hall and joined him in his search for Franklin's lost expedition in the 1860s, as well as the Polaris expedition to reach the North Pole{{sfn|Loomis|1971|p=258}} BiographyEarly life and familyTookoolito was born at Cape Searle in the Cumberland Sound or Qikiqtaaluk Region, or Baffin Island area. Her brother, Eenoolooapik, traveled in 1839 with whaler William Penny to Aberdeen.[1] Other relatives, Totocatapik and Kur-king, were also renowned as travelers. In 1852, Tookoolito began learning English from a British whaler, William Barron.[2] TravelsIn 1853, a whaling captain named John Bowlby (sometimes called Thomas Bowlby) brought her with Ebierbing and an unrelated child, Akulukjuk ("Harlookjoe"), to England. The three Inuit were exhibited in various venues throughout the north of the country (see Human zoo). They were eventually brought to London, where they were received by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle.{{sfn|Loomis|1971|p=86}} She and Ebierbing dined with the Queen and Prince Albert. Unlike many less scrupulous showmen, Bowlby returned the group to the Arctic. In 1860, the explorer Charles Francis Hall met Tookoolito and Ebierbing, hiring them as a translator and guide on his first expedition to search for remains of the Franklin expedition. Local inhabitants led him to the remains of the Frobisher expedition instead. Sidney Budington captained the expedition's ship, the George Henry. She and Joe returned with Hall in the fall of 1862, and appeared alongside him at his lectures.{{sfn|Potter|2007|p=168}} Later that year, Hall arranged for them to be exhibited at Barnum's American Museum in New York, where they drew enormous crowds, advertised as "Esquimaux Indians ... from the Arctic regions ... the first and only inhabitants of these frozen regions ever brought to" the United States.[3] Not long after, Hall agreed to a second exhibition at Boston's Aquarial Gardens, but when no payment was forthcoming, decided that such shows were not worth the risk to Hannah and Joe's health.{{sfn|Potter|2007|p=173}} Nevertheless, they accompanied him on his East Coast lecture tour throughout the early months of 1863, and possibly, as a result, Tookoolito's young son Butterfly became ill and died of pneumonia. Inconsolable, Tookoolito became suicidal, but eventually regained her health. Along with Ebierbing, she returned with Hall to the Arctic on his second land expedition from 1864 to 1869.{{sfn|Loomis|1971|pp=159–160}} During this expedition, Tookoolito gave birth to a son "King William," who died in infancy; she and Joe then adopted a two-year-old Inuit girl whom they called simply Panik (Inuktitut for "daughter"). Tookoolito and Ebierbing also accompanied Hall on his final expedition aboard the {{USS|Polaris|1871|2}}. Along with their daughter Panik and Hans Hendrik, they were among the party left behind after Hall's death, when the ship abruptly broke loose of the ice and failed to return. This party endured a remarkable six-month drift on a gradually-shrinking ice-floe, kept alive only by Joe and Hans's hunting skills; the entire party was rescued by a sealer in April 1873. During the investigation into Hall's death, both Tookoolito and Ebierbing testified, both corroborating Hall's belief that he had been poisoned, but their evidence was discounted.{{sfn|Petrone|1988|pp=66–72}} Later life in GrotonThey returned to Groton, Connecticut to a home that whaling captain that Hall and Sidney O. Budington had helped establish. Joe returned to the Arctic several times to work as a guide, while Tookoolito remained behind, caring for Panik and working as a seamstress. After Panik, whose health had been poor since her experience on the ice floe, died at the age of nine, Hannah fell into declining health. Joe was with her when she died on December 31, 1876; she was buried in the Starr Burying Ground not far from the Budington family plot. Tookoolito Inlet, located on the western side of Cornelius Grinnell Bay in Nunavut,[4] and Hannah Island, in the mouth of Bessels Fjord, North Greenland, is named after her. Tookoolito and her husband were named Persons of National Historic Significance in 1981.[5] Notes1. ^Nuttall, M. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. Routledge. 2. ^Foster 2004 3. ^New York Times, November 15, 1862. 4. ^Tookoolito Inlet: {{coord|63|5|N|64|45|W}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Ipirvik and Taqulittuq (Ebierbing et Tookoolito) National Historic Person|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1628|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=2 November 2017}} Bibliography
|last = Foster |first = M. |year = 2004 |title = 100 Canadian Heroines |location = Toronto |publisher = Dundern Press |isbn = 1550025147 |ref = harv }}
|last = Harper |first = K. |date = 1989 |title = History on a headstone: a long-forgotten chapter of Inuit heroism |journal = Above and Beyond |volume = 1 |issue = 2 |pages = 53–62 |ref = harv }}
|last = Jones |first = H. G. |date = 2002 |title = Teaching the explorers: some Inuit contributions to Arctic discoveries |journal = Polar Geography |volume = 26 |issue = 1 |pages = 4–20 |ref = harv }}
|last = Loomis |first = C. C. |authorlink = Chauncey C. Loomis |year = 1971 |title = Weird and Tragic Shores: The Story of Charles Francis Hall |location = Lincoln |publisher = University of Nebraska Press |isbn = 9780375755255 |ref = harv }}
|last = Nickerson |first = S. |authorlink = Sheila Nickerson |year = 2002 |title = Midnight to the North: The Inuit Woman Who Saved the Polaris Expedition |location = |publisher = Tarcher Books |isbn = |ref = harv }}
|last = Petrone |first = P. |year = 1988 |title = Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English |publisher = University of Toronto Press |isbn = 080207717X |ref = harv }}
|last = Potter |first = R. |authorlink = Russell Potter |year = 2007 |title = Arctic Spectacles: The Frozen North in Visual Culture, 1818–1875 |location = |publisher = University of Washington Press |isbn = 0295986808 |ref = harv }} External links
8 : 1830s births|1876 deaths|19th-century indigenous people of the Americas|Castaways|Female polar explorers|Inuit from the Northwest Territories|Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)|Polaris expedition |
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