| 词条 | Antarctic |
| 释义 |
The Antarctic (US English {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}}, UK English {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|k|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|t|ˈ|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} and {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|ɑr|t|ɪ|k}}){{refn|The word was originally pronounced without the first {{IPA|/k/}}, but the spelling pronunciation has become common and is often considered more correct. The pronunciation without the first k sound and the first t sound is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of English in many other similar words too.[1] The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people.[2][3]|group="Note"}} is a polar region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately {{convert|32|to|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide varying in latitude seasonally.[4] The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface. GeographyThe maritime part of the region constitutes the area of application of the international Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), where for technical reasons the Convention uses an approximation of the Convergence line by means of a line joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.[5] The implementation of the Convention is managed through an international Commission headquartered in Hobart, Australia, by an efficient system of annual fishing quotas, licenses and international inspectors on the fishing vessels, as well as satellite surveillance. Most of the Antarctic region is situated south of 60°S latitude parallel, and is governed in accordance with the international legal regime of the Antarctic Treaty System.[6] The Treaty area covers the continent itself and its immediately adjacent islands, as well as the archipelagos of the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, Peter I Island, Scott Island and Balleny Islands. The islands situated between 60°S latitude parallel to the south and the Antarctic Convergence to the north, and their respective {{convert|200|nmi|km|adj=on}} exclusive economic zones fall under the national jurisdiction of the countries that possess them: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom; also an EU Overseas territory), Bouvet Island (Norway), and Heard and McDonald Islands (Australia). Kerguelen Islands (France; also an EU Overseas territory) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region. Wildlife{{See also|Antarctic ecozone|Antarctic microorganism|Wildlife of Antarctica}}A variety of animals live in Antarctica for at least some of the year, including:[7][8]
Most of the Antarctic continent is permanently covered by ice and snow, leaving less than 1 percent of the land exposed. There are only two species of flowering plant, Antarctic hair grass and Antarctic pearlwort, but a range of mosses, liverworts, lichens and macrofungi.[9] PeopleThe first Antarctic land discovered was the island of South Georgia, visited by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent of Antarctica is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The first human born in the Antarctic was Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen born on 8 October 1913 in Grytviken, South Georgia. The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries. However, the region is visited by more than 40,000[10] tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the Antarctic Peninsula area (especially the South Shetland Islands) and South Georgia Island. In December 2009, the growth of tourism, with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the Antarctic Treaty. The definitive results of the conference was presented at the Antarctic Treaty states' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.[11] ConservationThe Antarctic hosts the world's largest protected area comprising 1.07 million km2, the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protection Area created in 2012.[12] The latter exceeds the surface area of another vast protected territory, the Greenland National Park’s 972,000 km2.[13] (While the Ross Sea Marine Protection Area established in 2016 is still larger at 1.55 million km2,[14] its protection is set to expire in 35 years.[15]) Time zones{{main|Time in Antarctica}}Because Antarctica surrounds the South Pole, it is theoretically located in all time zones. For practical purposes, time zones are usually based on territorial claims or the time zone of a station's owner country or supply base. Offshore Islands{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}}{{Wide image|061212-nordkapp.jpg|590px|Norwegian Cruise Ship at Petermann Island, with the Kiev Peninsula of Graham Land in the background}} See also
Notes1. ^[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica American Heritage Dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004718/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica |date=2015-12-08 }} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |date=2006 |title=The Fight for English |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920764-0 |page=172}} 3. ^{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Antarctic |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0 |accessdate=16 November 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152745/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antarctic&allowed_in_frame=0 |archivedate=11 January 2012 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scar.org/ |title=Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research website |publisher=SCAR |author= |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214094758/http://www.scar.org/ |archivedate=2013-12-14 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-03-15 |df= }} 5. ^Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505214806/http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/E/e_pubs/bd/pt1.pdf |date=2010-05-05 }} 6. ^[https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp Antarctic Treaty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117002928/https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp |date=2012-01-17 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/index.php|title=Antarctic Wildlife|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council - British Antarctic Survey|accessdate=2012-11-20|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005070444/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/index.php|archivedate=2012-10-05|df=}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Kids/Read-it/Polar-eyes/About-Antarctica/Antarctic-wildlife.aspx|title=Antarctic wildlife|publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation|author=Vanessa Woods|date=2011-10-14|accessdate=2012-11-20|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120508/http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Kids/Read-it/Polar-eyes/About-Antarctica/Antarctic-wildlife.aspx|archivedate=2013-12-14|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/index.php|title=Plants of Antarctica|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council - British Antarctic Survey|accessdate=2012-11-20|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607115623/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/index.php|archivedate=2011-06-07|df=}} 10. ^IAATO tourist statistics 2007/08 11. ^Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154613/http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/5976 |date=2012-01-18 }} Ray Lilley, The Associated Press, December 8, 2009. 12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan).] 13. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100428161458/http://www.stat.gl/LinkClick.aspx?link=Intranet%2fGIF_2009_WEB.pdf&tabid=57&mid=473&language=en-US Greenland in figures 2009.] Statistics Greenland, 2009. 14. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20170423204236/https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/ccamlr-create-worlds-largest-marine-protected-area CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area.] CCAMLR Website 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Slezak|first1=Michael|title=World's largest marine park created in Ross Sea in Antarctica in landmark deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/28/worlds-largest-marine-park-created-in-ross-sea-in-antarctica-in-landmark-deal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028152059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/28/worlds-largest-marine-park-created-in-ross-sea-in-antarctica-in-landmark-deal|dead-url=yes|archive-date=28 October 2016|website=The Guardian|accessdate=28 October 2016|language=en-GB|date=26 October 2016}} References{{Reflist}}Further reading
External links
2 : Antarctic region|Geography of Antarctica |
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