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词条 National Assembly (Hungary)
释义

  1. History

  2. Latest election

  3. 2010–2014 Parliament

  4. 2006–2010 Parliament

  5. Speakers of the National Assembly of Hungary

  6. Historical composition of the National Assembly since 1990

  7. Members (since 1990)

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox legislature
| name = National Assembly
| native_name = Országgyűlés
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Coat of Arms of Hungary.svg
| coa_res = 100px
| house_type = Unicameral
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = László Kövér
| party1 = Fidesz
| election1 = 6 August 2010
| leader2_type = First Officer
| leader2 = Márta Mátrai
| party2 = Fidesz
| election2 = 1 January 2013
| leader3_type = Deputy Speakers
| leader3 = Gergely Gulyás, Fidesz
Sándor Lezsák, Fidesz
István Jakab, Fidesz
János Latorcai, KDNP
István Hiller, MSZP
Tamás Sneider, Jobbik
| leader4_type = Leader of largest
political group
| leader4 = Lajos Kósa
| party4 = Fidesz
| election4 = 1 October 2015
| leader5_type = Leader of 2nd largest
political group
| leader5 = Bertalan Tóth
| party5 = MSZP
| election5 = 6 July 2016
| members = 199
| structure1 = File:National Assembly of Hungary (2018).svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt = Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary
| political_groups1 = Government (133)
  • {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{Fidesz/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Fidesz–KDNP group (133)}}
    • {{Color box|{{Fidesz/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Fidesz (117)
    • {{Color box|{{Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} KDNP (16)
Supported by (1)
  • {{Color box|#0047AB|border=darkgray}} German minority (1)
Opposition (65)
  • {{Color box|{{Jobbik/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Jobbik (22)
  • {{Color box|{{Hungarian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} MSZP–P group (20)
    • {{Color box|{{Hungarian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} MSZP (15)
    • {{Color box|{{Dialogue for Hungary/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Dialogue (5)
  • {{Color box|{{Democratic Coalition (Hungary)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} DK (9)
  • {{Color box|{{Politics Can Be Different/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} LMP (6)
  • {{Color box|{{Hungarian Liberal Party/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} MLP (1)
  • {{Color box|{{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Independents (7)

| voting_system1 = Mixed Member Majoritarian
(Parallel voting)
| last_election1 = 8 April 2018
| next_election1 = 2022 or before
| session_room = Budapest Parliament conference hall.jpg
| session_res = 260px
| session_alt = The National Assembly sits in the Parliament House in Budapest
| meeting_place = Hungarian Parliament Building
Lajos Kossuth Square 1
Budapest, H-1055
Hungary
| website = National Assembly
}}{{Politics of Hungary}}

The National Assembly ({{lang-hu|Országgyűlés}}; "Country Assembly") is the parliament of Hungary. The unicameral body consists of 199 (386 between 1990 and 2014) members elected to 4-year terms. Election of members is based on a complex system involving both area and list election; parties must win at least 5% of the popular vote in order to enter the list of members of the assembly (but area winners enter regardless). The Assembly includes 25 standing committees to debate and report on introduced bills and to supervise the activities of the ministers. The Constitutional Court of Hungary has the right to challenge legislation on the grounds of constitutionality. The assembly has met in the Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest since 1902.

History

The Diet of Hungary[1] ({{lang-hu|Országgyűlés}}) was a legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s,[2] and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period. The name of the legislative body was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period.[3] It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946.

The articles of the 1790 diet set out that the diet should meet at least once every 3 years, but, since the diet was called by the Habsburg monarchy, this promise was not kept on several occasions thereafter. As a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, it was reconstituted in 1867.

The Latin term Natio Hungarica ("Hungarian nation") was used to designate the political elite which had participation in the diet, consisting of the nobility, the Catholic clergy, and a few enfranchised burghers,[4][5] regardless of language or ethnicity.[6] Natio Hungarica was a geographic, institutional and juridico-political category.[7]

The democratic character of the Hungarian parliament was reestablished with the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of the socialist dictatorship in 1989. Today's parliament is still called Országgyűlés just like in royal times, but is called the 'National Assembly' to distance itself from the historical royal diet.

Latest election

{{Main|Hungarian parliamentary election, 2018}}
Turnout[8]
7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 18:30 Overall
2.24% 13.17% 29.93% 42.32% 53.64% 63.21% 68.13% 70.22%
8 April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election results
PartyParty listsFPTPTotal
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsSeats±
Fidesz – Christian Democratic People's Party {{formatnum:2824206}} 49.27 42 {{formatnum:2636203}} 47.89 91 133 {{steady}}
Jobbik – Movement for a Better Hungary {{formatnum:1092669}} 19.06 25 {{formatnum:1276842}} 23.20 1 268px}} 3
Hungarian Socialist Party – Dialogue for Hungary {{formatnum:682602}} 11.91 12 {{formatnum:622458}} 11.22 8 208px}} 10
Politics Can Be Different {{formatnum:404425}} 7.06 7 {{formatnum:312731}} 5.64 1 88px}} 3
Democratic Coalition {{formatnum:308068}} 5.37 6 {{formatnum:348178}} 6.28 3 98px}} 5
Momentum Movement {{formatnum:175225}} 3.06 0 {{formatnum:75035}} 1.35 0 0 New
Hungarian Two-tailed Dog Party {{formatnum:99410}} 1.73 0 {{formatnum:39763}} 0.72 0 0 New
Together {{formatnum:37561}} 0.66 0 {{formatnum:58591}} 1.06 118px}} 2
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary {{formatnum:26477}} 0.46 1 18px}} 1
Hungarian Workers' Party {{formatnum:15640}} 0.27 0 {{formatnum:13613}} 0.25 0 0 {{steady}}
Family Party {{formatnum:10640}} 0.19 0 {{formatnum:9839}} 0.18 0 0 {{steady}}
Hungarian Justice and Life Party {{formatnum:8713}} 0.15 0 {{formatnum:6897}} 0.12 0 0 {{steady}}
Party for a Fit and Healthy Hungary {{formatnum:7309}} 0.13 0 {{formatnum:5525}} 0.10 0 0 {{steady}}
National Self-Government of Gypsies {{formatnum:5703}} 0.10 0 0 {{steady}}
Other parties (less than 0.1%) {{formatnum:33173}} 0.58 0 {{formatnum:43256}} 0.78 0 08px}} 1
Independents {{formatnum:55612}} 1.00 1 18px}} 1
Total {{formatnum:5731821}} 100.00 93 {{formatnum:5504543}} 100.00 106 199 {{steady}}
Valid votes {{formatnum:5731821}} 98.97
Blank/invalid votes {{formatnum:59611}} 1.03
Registered voters / Turnout {{formatnum:8312173}} 69.73
Source: National Election Office

2010–2014 Parliament

At the sixth parliamentary elections, four parties or party alliances passed the minimum threshold: the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union in alliance with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) (263 seats in common, 227 for Fidesz and 36 for KDNP). Fidesz-KDNP candidates won enough seats to achieve a two-thirds majority required to modify major laws and the country's constitution. The Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) won 59 seats, while its former coalition party Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) failed to win any seats and became extra-parliamentary after 20 years. There were two newcomers to the Országgyűlés: Jobbik (47 seats) and Politics Can Be Different (LMP) (16 seats). 1 independent (former Fidesz member Oszkár Molnár) got into the Parliament, winning a constituency (Edelény) in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County.

The other prestigious party, the Hungarian Democratic Forum also lost all its seats.

The heads of the factions are:

  • Fidesz: Lajos Kósa
  • MSZP: Bertalan Tóth
  • Jobbik: Gábor Vona
  • KDNP: Péter Harrach
  • LMP: Erzsébet Schmuck

The new parliamentary session hold the inaugural session on 14 May 2010. The President of Fidesz and Prime Minister is Viktor Orbán. Pál Schmitt served as Speaker of the National Assembly until August 2010 when he became President of Hungary. He was replaced by László Kövér.

After the 2010 local elections, held on 3 October, Katalin Szili founded the Social Union and became its first chairperson. As a result, she quit the Hungarian Socialist Party and their parliamentarian group. Continuing the parliamentarian work as formally independent MP.[9]

2006–2010 Parliament

At parliamentary elections in 2006, four parties or party alliances passed the minimum threshold: the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) (190 seats), the coalition party Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) (20 seats), the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union in alliance with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) (164 seats in common, 141 for Fidesz and 23 for KDNP), and the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) (11 seats) and 1 independent (István Gyenesei) got into the Parliament, winning a constituency in Somogy county.

The heads of the factions were:

  • MSZP: Ildikó Lendvai (2006–2009), Attila Mesterházy (2009–2010)
  • Fidesz: Tibor Navracsics
  • KDNP: Zsolt Semjén
  • SZDSZ: Gábor Kuncze (2006–2007), Mátyás Eörsi (2007), János Kóka (2007–2010).
  • MDF: Károly Herényi (2006–2009). The faction of MDF broke up in 2009.

The head of the allied faction Fidesz-KDNP was Viktor Orbán. The head of the minority government (since 2008, when SZDSZ left the coalition) was Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány then Gordon Bajnai. The speaker of the Assembly was Katalin Szili (2006-2009) then Béla Katona (2009-2010) of the MSZP.

Speakers of the National Assembly of Hungary

{{Main|List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Hungary}}

Historical composition of the National Assembly since 1990

{{see also|Historical composition of the National Assembly of Hungary}}
{{Hungarian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|MSZP}}{{Alliance of Free Democrats/meta/color}}|SZDSZ}}{{Politics Can Be Different/meta/color}}|LMP}}{{Hungarian Liberal Party/meta/color}}|MLP}}{{Together 2014/meta/color}}|Egy.}}{{Democratic Coalition (Hungary)/meta/color}}|DK}}{{Dialogue for Hungary/meta/color}}|Par.}}{{Fidesz/meta/color}}|Fidesz}}{{Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)/meta/color}}|KDNP}}{{Hungarian Democratic Forum/meta/color}}|MDF}}{{Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party/meta/color}}|FKGP}}#DAA520|MIÉP}}{{Jobbik/meta/color}}|Jobbik}}#0047AB|Germans}}#FFCA99|Others}}#808080|Independent}}
1990–1994
339321211644419
1994–1998
209692022382611
1998–2002
134241481748141
2002–2006
1782016424
2006–2010
1902011412311
2010–2014
591622736147
2014–2018
29431151171623
2018–2022
15591811716126

The numbers come from the legislature's inaugural session. Later changes may occur:

  • Vacancies from party list MPs do not change the make-up of the Assembly, as they are replaced by another member of the party list. But a vacancy in a district seat triggers a by-election, which, historically, is often won by another party. See List of Hungarian by-elections.
  • New factions may appear
    • in 1993, the nationalist-radicalist members of MDF quit the party and founded the MIÉP, which took part in the next three elections. It crossed the threshold only in 1998.
    • in 2011, the DK faction led by former socialist prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány, split from the MSZP and became a party of its own.
    • in 2011 also, 8 MPs from LMP left the party to set up Dialogue for Hungary

Members (since 1990)

{{Lists of Hungarian Parliament members}}

References

1. ^András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)
2. ^Elemér Hantos: The Magna Carta Of The English And Of The Hungarian Constitution (1904)
3. ^Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)
4. ^John M. Merriman, J. M. Winter, Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 140, {{ISBN|978-0-684-31359-7}}
5. ^Tadayuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Fukuda, Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: past and present, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2007, p. 158, {{ISBN|978-4-938637-43-9}}
6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC&q=%22included+only+the+land-owning+nobility+and+not+the+peasantry,+irrespective+of+ethnicity%22&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22included%20only%20the%20land-owning%20nobility%20and%20not%20the%20peasantry%2C%20irrespective%20of%20ethnicity%22&f=false Katerina Zacharia, Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity], Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008, p. 237 {{ISBN|978-0-7546-6525-0}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/transy/transy05.htm |title=Transylvania - The Roots of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Hungarianhistory.com |date= |accessdate=2018-04-15}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://valasztas.hu/dyn/pv18/szavossz/hu/napind.html |title=Tájékoztató adatok a választáson megjelentek számáról és arányáról |accessdate=17 April 2018 |date= |publisher=National Election Office |language=Hungarian}}
9. ^Szili Katalin kilépett az MSZP-frakcióból

External links

  • {{En icon}} Official website
  • {{hu icon}} Official website
{{Hungary topics}}{{Europe topic|Parliament of}}{{National unicameral legislatures}}{{coord|47|30|26|N|19|02|45|E|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

2 : National Assembly (Hungary)|Unicameral legislatures
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