| 词条 | National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) | |||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = National Physical Laboratory |image = NPL colour Lee Campbell.JPG |caption = Painting of the laboratory by Lee Campbell, resident artist there in 2009 |motto = |established = {{Start date|1900}} |type = Applied Physics |budget = |debt = |research_field = Metrology |president = |vice-president = |dean = |director = Peter Thompson |head_label = |head = |faculty = |staff = 750 |students = |alumni = |address = Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, England |coor = {{coord|51|25|35|N|0|20|37|W|display=inline,title|region:GB}} |campus = |affiliations = |operating_agency = Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy – National Measurement Office |nobel_laureates = |website = {{URL|npl.co.uk/}} |logo = The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington, London, England. It comes under the management of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. HistoryThe National Physical Laboratory was established in 1900 at Bushy House "to bring scientific knowledge to bear practically upon our everyday industrial and commercial life".[1] It grew to fill a large selection of buildings on the Teddington site.[2] NPL procured a large state-of-the-art laboratory under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 1998. The construction, which was being undertaken by John Laing, and the maintenance of this new building, which was being undertaken by Serco, was transferred back to the DTI in 2004 after the private sector companies involved made losses of over £100m.[3] The laboratory was initially run by the UK government, with members of staff being part of the civil service. Administration of the NPL was contracted out in 1995 under a Government Owned Contractor Operated model, with Serco winning the bid and all staff transferred to their employ. Under this regime, overhead costs halved, third party revenues grew by 16% per annum, and the number of peer-reviewed research papers published doubled.[4] It was decided in 2012 to change the operating model for NPL from 2014 onward to include academic partners and to establish a postgraduate teaching institute on site.[5] The date of the changeover was later postponed for up to a year.[6] The candidates for lead academic partner were the Universities of Edinburgh, Southampton, Strathclyde and Surrey[7] with an alliance of the Universities of Strathclyde and Surrey chosen as preferred partners.[8] In January 2013 funding for a new £25m Advanced Metrology Laboratory was announced that will be built on the footprint of an existing unused building.[9][10] The operation of the laboratory transferred back to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (now the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) ownership on 1 January 2015.[11] ActivitiesThe National Physical Laboratory is involved with new developments in metrology, such as researching metrology for, and standardising, nanotechnology.[12] It is mainly based at the Teddington site, but also has a site in Huddersfield for dimensional metrology[13] and an underwater acoustics facility at Wraysbury Reservoir.[14] ResearchersResearchers who have worked at NPL include:[15] D. W. Dye who did important work in developing the technology of quartz clocks. The inventor Sir Barnes Wallis did early development work there on the "Bouncing Bomb" used in the "Dam Busters" wartime raids.[16] H.J. Gough, one of the pioneers of research into metal fatigue, worked at NPL for 19 years from 1914 to 1938. Sydney Goldstein and Sir James Lighthill worked in NPL's aerodynamics division during World War II researching boundary layer theory and supersonic aerodynamics respectively. Dr Clifford Hodge also worked there and was engaged in research on semiconductors. Others who have spent time at NPL include Robert Watson-Watt, generally considered the inventor of radar, Oswald Kubaschewski, the father of computational materials thermodynamics and the numerical analyst James Wilkinson.[17] ResearchNPL research has contributed to physical science, materials science, computing, and bioscience. Applications have been found in ship design, aircraft development, radar, computer networking and global positioning.[18] Atomic clocksThe first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, was built by Louis Essen and Jack Parry in 1955 at NPL.[19][20] Calibration of the caesium standard atomic clock was carried out by the use of the astronomical time scale ephemeris time (ET).[21] This led to the internationally agreed definition of the latest SI second being based on atomic time.[22] ComputingNPL has undertaken computer research since the mid-1940s.[23] From 1945, Alan Turing led the design of the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) computer. The ACE project was overambitious and floundered, leading to Turing's departure.[24] Donald Davies took the project over and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious Pilot ACE computer, which first worked in May 1950. Among those who worked on the project was American computer pioneer Harry Huskey. A commercial spin-off, DEUCE was manufactured by English Electric Computers and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.[24] Packet switching{{Main|NPL network}}{{See also|History of the Internet|Internet in the United Kingdom#History}}Beginning in the mid-1960s, Donald Davies and his team at the NPL pioneered packet switching, now the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching in his 1965 Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing.[25] Subsequently, the NPL team (Davies, Derek Barber, Roger Scantlebury, Peter Wilkinson, Keith Bartlett, and Brian Aldous)[26] developed the concept into a local area network which operated from 1969 to 1986, and carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of packet switching networks. Their research and practice influenced the ARPANET in the United States, the forerunner of the Internet, and other researchers in the UK and Europe.[27][28][29][30] Directors of NPLDirectors of NPL include a number of notable individuals.[31]
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/npl-history.pdf|title=history|publisher=National Physical Laboratory|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/Development%20of%20the%20NPL%20Site%201900-1970.pdf |title=Development of the NPL Site 1900-1970.pdf |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.nao.org.uk/report/the-termination-of-the-pfi-contract-for-the-national-physical-laboratory/ |title=The Termination of the PFI Contract for the National Physical Laboratory |National Audit Office |work=nao.org.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 4. ^Labs under the microscope – Ethos. Ethosjournal.com (2 February 2012). Retrieved on 12 April 2014. 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/nmo/docs/nms/future-operation-of-npl/establishing-a-new-partnership-for-the-npl-briefing-note.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Briefing document 26 March 2013_final - establishing-a-new-partnership-for-the-npl-briefing-note.pdf |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/news/future-operation-of-the-national-physical-laboratory-update |title=NPL contract with Serco extended : News : News + Events : National Physical Laboratory |work=npl.co.uk |year=2014 |accessdate=3 April 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bis.gov.uk/nmo/national-measurement-system/future-operation-of-npl |title=Future operation of the National Physical Laboratory | National Measurement System | BIS |work=bis.gov.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/20140710-npl-future-op-press-release.pdf | title=Press Release – Universities of Surrey and Strathclyde selected as strategic partners in the future operation of the National Physical Laboratory | publisher=NPL | date=10 July 2014 | accessdate=11 July 2014 | pages=5}} 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bis.gov.uk/nmo/news-and-events/news/2013/Jan/Announcement-of-advanced-metrology-laboratory |title=Announcement of £25 million Advanced Metrology Laboratory at NPL | News | BIS |first=David |last=Willetts |work=bis.gov.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/aml-letter-july2013.pdf |title=National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom, TW11 0LW - aml-letter-july2013.pdf |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 11. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-operation-of-the-national-physical-laboratory-npl Future operation of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Retrieved 24 March 2015] 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Minelli, C. & Clifford, C.A.|title=The role of metrology and the UK National Physical Laboratory in Nanotechnology|journal=Nanotechnology Perceptions|date=2012|volume=8|page=59–75}} 13. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/huddersfield |title=Dimensional Specialist Inspection and Measurement Services : Measurement Services : Commercial Services : National Physical Laboratory |work=npl.co.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/acoustics/underwater-acoustics/products-and-services/calibration-and-characterisation-of-sonar-transducers-and-systems |title=Calibration and characterisation of sonar transducers and systems : Products & Services : Underwater Acoustics : Acoustics : Science + Technology : National Physical Laboratory |work=npl.co.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=23 December 2013}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/notable-individuals/|title=Notable Individuals|website=National Physical Laboratory|access-date=2017-10-17}} 16. ^[https://www.jstor.org/pss/769530 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society] 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.computer.org/pioneers/wilkinson.html|title=James (Jim) Hardy Wilkinson|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/research/|title=Research|website=National Physical Laboratory|access-date=2017-10-17}} 19. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Essen | first1 = L. | authorlink1 = Louis Essen| last2 = Parry | first2 = J. V. L. | doi = 10.1038/176280a0 |bibcode=1955Natur.176..280E| title = An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Cæsium Resonator | journal = Nature | volume = 176 | issue = 4476 | pages = 280–282 | year = 1955 | pmid = | pmc = }} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/60-years-of-the-atomic-clock/|title=60 years of the Atomic Clock|website=National Physical Laboratory|access-date=2017-10-17}} 21. ^{{Cite journal |author1=W. Markowitz |author2=R.G. Hall |author3=L. Essen |author4=J.V.L. Parry |year=1958 |title=Frequency of cesium in terms of ephemeris time |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=105–107 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105|bibcode=1958PhRvL...1..105M}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/international-atomic-time.html|title=What Is International Atomic Time (TAI)?|publisher=Time and Date|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/mathematics-modelling-and-simulation/history-of-computing/|title=History of NPL Computing|website=National Physical Laboratory|access-date=2017-10-17}} 24. ^1 {{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Cambell-Kelly|title=Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies|journal=Computer Resurrection|number=44|date=Autumn 2008|issn=0958-7403|url=http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res44.htm}} 25. ^{{Citation | last = Davies | first = D. W. | author-link = Donald | title = Proposal for a Digital Communication Network | publisher = National Physical Laboratory | year = 1966 | url = http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/grcs/Davies05.pdf }} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Technology of the Internet|url=http://www.tnmoc.org/explore/npl-technology-internet-gallery|publisher=The National Museum of Computing|accessdate=3 October 2017}} 27. ^{{cite book|last1=Gillies|first1=James|last2=Cailliau|first2=Robert|title=How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192862075|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pIH-JijUNS0C&lpg=PA25&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 28. ^{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 29. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574#v=onepage&q&f=false|author1=C. Hempstead |author2=W. Worthington |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|publisher=Routledge|date=2005|isbn=9781135455514 }} 30. ^{{cite web | last = Stewart | first = Bill | title = UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL) & Donald Davies | work = Living Internet | date = 7 January 2000 | url = http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_npl.htm | accessdate = 12 May 2008 }} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/directors/|title=Directors|website=National Physical Laboratory|language=en|access-date=2017-10-17}} 32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.npl.co.uk/news/new-ceo-for-national-physical-laboratory |title=New CEO for National Physical Laboratory : News : News + Events : National Physical Laboratory |work=npl.co.uk |year=2015 |accessdate=1 September 2015}} External links{{Commons category|National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)}}
15 : 1900 establishments in the United Kingdom|Alan Turing|Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Laboratories in the United Kingdom|Metrology|Organisations based in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Physics laboratories|Research institutes established in 1900|Research institutes in London|Serco Group|Science and technology in London|Standards organisations in the United Kingdom|Teddington|National Physical Laboratory |
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