| 词条 | Naval Group | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Naval Group | logo = Naval Group Logo.png | logo_size = 200px | logo_padding = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | former_name = DCNS | type = société anonyme | industry = Defence | predecessor = Direction des Constructions Navales | founded = {{start date and age|1631}} | founder = | hq_location_city = Paris, Île-de-France | hq_location_country = France | area_served = worldwide | key_people = Hervé Guillou (CEO) | products = Warships, shipboard weapons, offshore engineering, nuclear engineering marine renewable energies | revenue = € 3.19 billion | revenue_year = 2016 | operating_income = | income_year = | net_income = € 87.5 million | net_income_year = 2016 | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = APE: 62.49% Thales: 35% Company & employees: 2.51% | num_employees = 12,771[1] (worldwide) | num_employees_year = 2016 | footnotes = | homepage = [https://www.naval-group.com www.naval-group.com] }} Naval Group (formerly known as DCNS) is a French industrial group specialised in naval defence and marine renewable energy. The group employs next to 13,000 people in 18 countries. Naval Group, a private law company in which the French state holds a 62.49% stake, Thales 35% and the personnel a 1.64% stake and the company itself 0.87%, is the heir to the French naval dockyards and the Direction des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN), which became the DCN (Direction des Constructions Navales) in 1991, DCNS in 2007 and Naval Group since 2017. HistoryNaval Group has a heritage almost 400 years. Major shipyards were built in France in Brest (1631), Nantes-Indret (1771), Lorient (1778) and, subsequently, in Cherbourg (1813). Others were to follow. As early as 1926, what we know as Naval Group today already had all the facilities now owned by the group in mainland France. The birth of the naval dockyardsIn 1624, Cardinal Richelieu, who was Louis XIII of France’s Prime Minister at the time, devised a naval policy that provided for the development of the dockyards in order to give France sufficient maritime power to rival that of England. This policy was implemented from 1631, with the creation of the Ponant fleet in the Atlantic and the Levant fleet in the Mediterranean, the Brest dockyards and the extension of the Toulon dockyards, created under Henri IV.[2] The policy was continued by Colbert, Louis XIV’s Navy Minister, who developed several major dockyards. He extended the dockyards in Toulon, ordered the excavation of the docks in Brest and founded the Rochefort dockyards. His son, Seignelay, who succeeded him in 1683, followed in his footsteps.[3] The French Royal Navy’s network of dockyards was further strengthened in the 18th century. In 1750, the Marquis de Montalembert converted a former paper mill into a forge producing cannons at Ruelle-sur-Touvre. In 1777, Antoine de Sartine, Louis XVI’s Navy Minister, opened a cannon foundry near the naval shipyards in Indret. In the same year, work started on the development of the port in Cherbourg, which was completed in 1813. In 1778, the Lorient naval dockyards succeeded La Compagnie des Indes du port de L’Orient.[4] The naval dockyards in Rochefort were closed in 1926. In 1937, the establishment in Saint-Tropez was opened on the former site of the company Schneider, which specialised in torpedoes. By this time, most of the Naval Group’s French sites already existed, and they have not changed since then. Industrialisation and technical innovationsDuring the 19th century, the naval dockyards underwent a transformation as the fleet of sailing ships was replaced by motorised vessels. The sites were industrialised and gradually specialised. In 1865, the naval dockyards in Brest became exclusively military, with the closure of the Penfeld port to commercial vessels. In 1898, after specialising in the building of vessels with propellers rather than sails, the shipyards in Cherbourg were tasked exclusively with the construction of submarines. Finally, in 1927, a decree definitively laid out the missions of the various naval dockyards:[5] Brest and Lorient were tasked with the construction of large vessels, Cherbourg with building submarines, while Toulon, Bizerte and Saigon took charge of the maintenance of the fleet. This rationalisation of the roles of the naval dockyards was accompanied by technical and military innovations and the production of vessels at a higher pace, against the backdrop of an arms race and colonisation. In 1858, {{ship|French ironclad|Gloire||2}}, the first ocean-going battleship in the world sailed out of the dockyards in Toulon. The 1860s saw the arrival of the first torpedo boats and military submarines, with the launch of {{ship|French submarine|Plongeur||2}} in 1863. The technical problems experienced by this first-ever motorised submarine meant that it remained a prototype rather than an operational war vessel. But it did open the way for the construction of {{ship|French submarine|Gymnote|Q1|2}} in 1886 and Le Narval in 1899, which were the first operational torpedo submarines in history. The production of heavy surface vessels was also stepped up in the 1910s. Several battleships were built before the start of the First World War, and the fleet was strengthened by the 35,000-ton {{ship|French battleship|Richelieu||2}} in 1939. Reorganisation of activitiesIn 1946, a review of the French naval dockyards completed the attributions of the various sites announced in the 1927 decree. Brest was tasked with the production and repair of large vessels, Lorient with the construction of medium-sized vessels, Cherbourg with submarines and Toulon with repairing and maintaining the fleet. Amongst the inland sites, Indret took over the vessel propulsion activities, Ruelle the construction of guns, large parts and electronics, Saint-Tropez the production of torpedoes and Guérigny the construction of naval chains and anchors. Five sites are located overseas: Mers el-Kébir, Bizerte, Dakar, Diego-Suarez and Papeete. Until 1961, the French navy maintained and repaired its fleet itself, through the Directions des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN) in the naval dockyards. The engineers working in the DCANs were officers in the French navy’s engineering division. At this time, the dockyards broke away from the Navy, creating the opportunity for the diversification of their activities in the 1970s. A single DCAN covered all the mainland and overseas naval dockyards, reporting to the Direction Technique des Constructions Navales (DTCN). In turn, the DTCN was answerable to the Délégation Ministérielle pour l’Armement (DMA), set up by Michel Debré. In 1977, la DMA became the Délégation Générale de l’Armement (DGA). The purpose of this reform was to centralise all the armed forces’ design and construction capacities in a single inter-armed forces delegation operating under the government’s authority.[6] In 1958, the official launch by General de Gaulle of the French military nuclear programme and deterrent policy prompted the restructuring of the defence industry and defence technology. The Cœlacanthe project brought together the DTCN and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, and in 1971, {{ship|French submarine|Redoutable|S611|2}}, the first French missile-launching nuclear submarine, came into service. Transformation into a companyThe international economic climate and decolonisation in the 1970s lead the DCAN to venture into new markets. The loss of the overseas naval dockyards was compounded by the French Navy’s reduced needs for vessels and the increased difficulty in obtaining funding. This trend gathered more pace after the end of the Cold War, despite the diversification of the DCAN activities, which now included maintaining the electric power network and clearing mines from the coastline. Some sites also specialised in civilian projects: Brest built trucks, Guérigny made agricultural machinery and Toulon produced civilian vessels (yachts, liners). But, looking beyond the order books, it was the public status of the DCAN that was gradually called into question, and it came to be considered as an administrative obstacle to the development of the potential of France’s naval dockyards. This transformation occurred in several stages. In 1991, the DCAN was christened the DCN (Direction des Construction Navales). In the same year, DCN International was created. The mission of this PLC was to promote the activities of the DCN on an international scale and to facilitate the export of its products. In 1992, the DCN’s activities for the state were attached to the Naval Programmes department (SPN), which was the contracting authority for vessels for the French navy. Since then, the DCN has only been responsible for industrial activities, while remaining part of the DGA. This change of status has allowed DCN International to provide the DCN with commercial and legal support in the development of its international trade since the end of the 1990s. The development strategy pursued by DCN International resulted in the signing of several major contracts. In 1994, three {{sclass-|Agosta|submarine|0}} submarines were delivered to Pakistan, and, in 1997, two {{sclass2-|Scorpène|submarine|1}}s were built for Chile. A contract was also won in 2000 to supply six {{sclass-|Formidable|frigate|1}}s to Singapore. In 2007, a contract was signed with Malaysia for two Scorpène submarines, through the subsidiary Armaris.[7] The DCN has also won contracts in the field of off-shore drilling for oil. In 1997, the Brest site modernised the Sedco 707 platform and now builds SFX type oil rigs.[8] In 1999, the DCN became an agency with national authority (SCN), reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence. Finally, in 2001, the French government decided to transform the DCN into a fully state-owned private limited company. The change of status came into effect in 2003. The DCN became just DCN, which no longer stood for Direction des Constructions Navales. The development and continuation of the DCNS groupIn 2007, DCN acquired the French naval activities branch of Thales, Armaris, a former subsidiary that was equally shared between DCN and Thales, and MOPA2, the company in charge of the project to build a second aircraft carrier. To stress its new identity, the resulting group was named DCNS. Thales acquired a 25% stake in the group’s capital. In 2011, Thales increased its share of DCNS' capital to 35%.[9] Construction of the stealthy multi-function frigates (FREMM) started in 2007. In 2008, an aerial drone landed on the deck of a frigate at sea for the first time in history. In 2013, the group set up DCNS Research to promote its research activities. DCNS India was founded in 2008, thanks to two contracts signed in 2005 and 2008 for the delivery of six conventional Scorpène-class submarines. Similarly, in 2013, a submarine construction site was opened in Brazil. The group created the DCNS University in 2013 to deliver internal and external training. On 28 June 2017, DCNS changes its name to Naval Group. This new identity is a natural step in the group's history, aimed at supporting group's ambitions to guarantee own exposure and credibility in international markets. The new name also pays homage to group heritage: 400 years of naval innovation.[10] ActivitiesNaval Group’s activities can be broken down into two main sectors: naval defence, the group’s historical core business (ships, submarines, operational readiness management of the forces), and energy and marine infrastructures (renewable marine energies, civilian nuclear energy, construction of naval bases and electric power plants). Naval defenceNaval Group designs, develops and manages the operational readiness of surface and underwater naval systems, and of their associated systems and infrastructures. As a project manager and integrator of armed vessels, Naval Group intervenes all along the value chain, from strategic programme planning, to design, construction and the management of operational readiness. The group works with the French navy and other navies, for conventional products, and with the authorisation of the French government. It also offers its military expertise to the French Air Force to design automated navigation and combat systems, and to renovate aircraft. Surface naval systems
Submarines and underwater weapons
Energy and marine infrastructuresThe group collaborates with EDF{{clarify|date=September 2014}}, the CEA and AREVA in the construction of EPR power plants and the maintenance of nuclear power plants. Naval Group also builds thermal electric power plants and naval bases. The group designed the electric power plants in Mayotte, La Réunion and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Since 2008, they have been studying a concept of a small nuclear power plant (50 to 250 MWe) named Flexblue.[14] Naval Group is investing in three renewable marine technologies: marine current turbines, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and floating wind turbines. Since it gained control of the Irish company OpenHydro in 2013, Naval Group has been able to progress from the research and development phase to industrial production.[15] Corporate responsibilityNaval Group operates several programmes to promote training and professional integration. The group has signed the Pacte PME, which fosters relations between large companies and smaller enterprises and sets up partnerships with leading universities and academic institutions. Between 2006 and 2013, DCNS organised the Trophée Poséidon for students in engineering schools, which rewarded student projects in the fields of innovation and the maritime environment. Between 2008 and 2014, Naval Group also ran a professional integration programme for both persons with a technical qualification and persons without any qualifications, called the Filières du Talent. In 2010, this programme was rewarded by the Trophée national 2010 de l’entreprise citoyenne.[16] DCNS has also been involved in the world of yachting for many years by sharing its technologies and through its sponsoring and mentoring activities. The group is a partner of the Grand-Prix de l’École Navale,[17] a regatta that has been held near the Crozon peninsula since 2001. It has also been a partner of the Pôle France Voile in Brest since 2007, and works for the professional integration of former sportsmen and sportswomen. In 2008, DCNS built the single-hull DCNS 1000, a yacht designed for round-the-world races, which featured in the 2013 film En Solitaire, by Christophe Offenstein, starring François Cluzet. Today, Naval Group also shared its technical expertise in composites for hulls and in navigation systems by building the experimental trimaran L’Hydroptère,[18] and it partnered the Areva Challenge team that took part in the Americas Cup in 2007. The Naval Group industrial site in Toulon has been a partner of Toulon rugby club since 2005.[19] OrganisationNaval Group is a private limited company in which the French state holds a 62.49% stake. The Thales groups holds 35% of the capital, and the remaining 2.51% are made up of company & employees shares. At the end of 2016, Naval Group employed 12,771 people, more than half of whom are private sector workers, while the other half are public sector workers. The group is present in 18 countries and has entered several partnerships outside France through its subsidiaries and joint ventures. Governance
Financial data
SitesIn FranceNaval Group operates 10 sites in France. Each site is specialised in a particular activity.
WorldwideNaval Group has branch offices in Australia, Saudi Arabia, Chile, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Norway and Pakistan. The group is also represented all over the world by its subsidiaries and joint ventures, which are wholly owned or operated in association with other companies.[20] Europe
Asia-Middle East
Americas
Controversy{{Expand French|Affaire des frégates de Taïwan|topic=gov|date=January 2015}}The DCN / DCNS plays a major role in "one of France's biggest political and financial scandals of the last generation [that left] a trail of eight unexplained deaths, nearly half a billion dollars in missing cash and troubling allegations of government complicity" connected to a sale of warships to Taiwan in the 1990s.[22] Apart from the issues surrounding the sale of ships to Taiwan mentioned above, French prosecutors started investigating a wide range of corruption charges in 2010 involving different submarine sales, with possible bribery and kickbacks to top officials in France. In particular interest by the prosecutors are sales of Scorpène-class submarines to countries like India and Malaysia.[23] The investigation in Malaysia has been prompted by human rights group Suaram as it involved Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak when he was defence minister and his friend Abdul Razak Baginda[24] whose company Primekar was alleged to be paid a huge commission during the purchase of two Scorpène submarines.[25] French investigators are interested in the fact that Perimekar was formed only a few months before the contract was signed with the Malaysian government and DCNS and that Primekar had no track record in servicing submarines and did not have the financial capability to support the contract.[26] Investigations have also revealed that a Hong Kong-based company called Terasasi Ltd in which the directors are Razak Baginda and his father, sold classified Malaysian navy defence documents to DCNS.[27] Also under scrutiny are allegations of extortion and the murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, a translator who worked on the deal.[28] On 15 December 2015, French courts indicted Bernard Baiocco, former president of Thales International Asia for paying kickbacks to Abdul Razak Baginda. At the same time director of shipbuilder DCN International was indicted for misuse of corporate assets.[29][30][31][32] On 24 August 2016, it was reported by Australian Media that a 22,000 page report leak has taken place regarding the unrelated Scorpene class submarine currently being built by India as a part of a 3.5 billion dollar deal. The suspected leak of sensitive information for the Scorpene was claimed to contain information regarding stealth, sensors, the noise level of the submarine at different sea depths, acoustic information, etc.[33] The Indian Navy passed the blame for the data leak onto unnamed overseas sources, possibly from the hacking of sensitive data.[34] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-group.com/en/group/en-profil/presentation|title=Profile - Naval Group}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asnom.org/oh/en/0210_historique.php?PHPSESSID=ae629fb09017c051eba6ce41ae8fd119#a|title=ASNOM - Association Amicale Santé Navale et d'Outre Mer|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 3. ^- Extension on the French dockyards{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/fr-shipbuilding.htm|title=French Shipbuilding Industry|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 5. ^Decree of 22 avril 1927 on the Navy's organization, Journal Officiel de la République Française, 1927 6. ^Yves FREVILLE, « La réorganisation du MCO et la création du service de soutien de la flotte », Information report by the French Senate n°426, 2005 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/france-submarine-import-and-export-behavior/|title=France Submarine Import and Export Behavior - NTI|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 8. ^- Global developments spur French contracting business, 1998 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Defence-Industry/DCNS-France.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 10. ^{{cite press release|url=https://www.naval-group.com/en/news/dcns-changes-its-name-to-naval-group|title=DCNS changes its name to Naval Group|publisher=Naval Group|date=28 June 2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/smx.htm | title = SMX - Sous-Marine Experimental | last = Pike | first = John | date = April 5, 2017 | website = GlobalSecurity.org | publisher = | access-date =2017-04-18 | quote = }} 12. ^{{Citation | first = Victor M.S. | last = Barreira | editor-last = Verma | editor-first = Bharat | contribution = Developments in French Naval Industry | title = Indian Defense Review | year = 2011 | pages = 188 | place = | publisher = Lancer | contribution-url = https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=eczx0ZixNLEC&pg=PA70&dq=%22SMX-25%22+-mg&hl=ru&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22SMX-25%22%20-mg&f=false | isbn= 9788170621829 }} 13. ^{{Citation | last = Ryabov | first = Kirill | title = Французские корабли будущего: SMX-25 и ADVANSEA (French ships of the future: SMX-25 and ADVANSEA) | journal = Армейский Вестник (Army Newsletter) | date = January 10, 2012 | language = Russian | url = http://army-news.ru/2012/01/francuzskie-korabli-budushhego-smx-25-i-advansea/ }} 14. ^http://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2011/01/20/le-reacteur-sous-marin-nouveau-fleuron-de-l-industrie-nucleaire-francaise_3244_108_44231151.html{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 15. ^{{cite web|language=fr|title= DCNS prend le contrôle d’Openhydro|work= Mer et Marine|year = 2013|issn = |url= http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/dcns-prend-le-controle-dopenhydro|pages = }} 16. ^{{Cite web|language= fr|title= DCNS reçoit le Trophée National de l'Entreprise Citoyenne|url = http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/dcns-recoit-le-trophee-national-de-lentreprise-citoyenne|work = Mer et Marine|date = |accessdate = 2014-09-18}} 17. ^{{Cite web|language= |title= Partners|url = http://www.gpen.fr/en/partners-pxl-23.html|work = GPEN|date = |accessdate = 2014-09-18}} 18. ^{{Cite web|language= fr|title= l’Hydroptère DCNS Hydrofoil Sailboat|url = http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/lhydroptre-dcns-hydrofoil-sailboat/|work = Ship Technology|date = |accessdate = 2014-09-18}} 19. ^{{Cite web|language=fr |title=Partenariat DCNS |url=http://www.rctoulon.com/fr/news/article/partenariat-dcns/ |work=RC Toulon |date= |accessdate=2014-09-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042117/http://www.rctoulon.com/fr/news/article/partenariat-dcns/ |archivedate=24 September 2014 |df=dmy }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armement.ead-minerve.fr/index.php/8-industries/37-dcns|title=DCNS|author=Astrid APERT|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 21. ^{{Cite news|url=http://dcnsgroup.com.au/who-we-are/history/|title=History - DCNS Australia|work=DCNS Australia|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 22. ^{{Cite news |first=Hugh |last=Schofield |authorlink=Hugh Schofield |url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3244148.stm |title=Book delves into frigate scandal |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=29 January 2015}} 23. ^Asia Sentinel - Malaysia's Submarine Scandal Surfaces in France 24. ^{{Cite web |title=French legal team in Malaysia to probe sub deal |date=28 April 2010 |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/4993-french-legal-team-in-malaysia-to-probe-sub-deal |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501133515/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/4993-french-legal-team-in-malaysia-to-probe-sub-deal |archivedate=1 May 2010 |quote=The submarine deal was crafted during the tenure of the then-Defence Minister Najib Tun Razak, now prime minister, in 2002. As a result of the pact, RM3.7 billion in commission went to Najib's closest associate Abdul Razak Baginda.}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/france-probes-corruption-in-arms-to-malaysia_63153.html|title=France probes corruption in arms to Malaysia|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 26. ^Malaysians allege graft in French submarine deal - BusinessWeek 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/razak-bagindas-firm-sold-malaysian-naval-secrets-to-french-says-lawyer|title=Thank You Malaysia|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064208/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/razak-bagindas-firm-sold-malaysian-naval-secrets-to-french-says-lawyer|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite news |title=French judges begins bribery probe |date=May 7, 2012 |work=Vancouver Sun |url=https://vancouversun.com/business/French+judges+begins+bribery+probe/6576987/story.html |archivedate=13 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513032843/http://www.vancouversun.com/business/French+judges+begins+bribery+probe/6576987/story.html }} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/french-court-indicts-duo-linked-to-scorpene-kickbacks-says-report|title=Thank You Malaysia|publisher=|accessdate=27 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303074709/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/french-court-indicts-duo-linked-to-scorpene-kickbacks-says-report|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2016/01/29/scorpene-scandal-resurfaces-suaram-vindicated/|title=Scorpene scandal resurfaces, Suaram vindicated|work=Free Malaysia Today|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 31. ^{{cite news |title=France opens probe into ‘bribery’ of Malaysia’s Najib Razak |date=February 4, 2016 |work=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fab19252-ca85-11e5-be0b-b7ece4e953a0.html }} 32. ^{{cite news |title=Contract-winning French sub builder DCNS tied up in deadly Malaysian bribery saga |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=May 23, 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/contractwinning-french-sub-builder-dcns-tied-up-in-deadly-malaysian-bribery-saga-20160522-gp17ce.html }} 33. ^{{cite news |title=Over 20,000 pages of top-secret data about India’s mega submarine project leaked, says The Australian |work=Quartz |date=August 23, 2016 |url=http://qz.com/764665/764665/ }} 34. ^{{cite news |title=‘A Case of Hacking’: Parrikar on Indian Navy’s Submarine Data Leak |work= |date=August 23, 2016 |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/08/24/case-of-hacking-manohar-parrikar-defence-minister-on-classified-scorpene-class-submarine-data-leak-indian-navy-dcns.amp }} Further reading
External links
6 : Shipbuilding companies of France|Defence companies of France|Marine engine manufacturers|Military articles needing translation from French Wikipedia|Installations of the French Navy|Companies based in Paris |
|||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。