| 词条 | White Horse Prophecy |
| 释义 |
The White Horse Prophecy is the popular name given an influential but disputed version given by Edwin Rushton, in about 1900, of statements supposedly made in 1843 by Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, on the future of the Latter Day Saints (popularly called Mormons) and the United States.[1] The Latter Day Saints, according to Rushton's version, would "go to the Rocky Mountains and... be a great and mighty people," associated in the prophecy's figurative language, with one of the biblical four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in the Book of Revelation. Smith's supposed original statement predicts that the US Constitution will one day "hang like a thread" but be saved by Latter-day Saints. The embellished version portrays it to be "by the efforts of the White Horse."[2] On the basis of either Rushton's version, which is widely known as "the White Horse Prophecy," or Smith's original statement, both some critics of Mormonism and some Mormon folk doctrine enthusiasts hold that Mormons should or actually expect that the US will eventually become a theocracy dominated by the LDS Church.[3][4] However, some observers interpret the Mormon cultural artifact more blandly. The idea that members of the LDS Church will someday or at various times take action to save an imperiled US Constitution has been referenced by numerous LDS Church leaders, but as to the Rushton version of the Prophecy, the LDS Church has stated that "the so-called 'White Horse Prophecy'... is not embraced as Church doctrine; while numerous Mormon fundamentalists continue to preach the doctrine."[5] BackgroundLatter Day Saint Church founder Joseph Smith went to Washington, DC, in November 1839 in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain help for his persecuted followers.[2] Pat Bagley of the Salt Lake Tribune wrote that from then on, Smith and his followers "considered themselves the last Real Americans" and "the legitimate heirs of the pilgrims and Founding Fathers," who would be called upon one day to save the US Constitution.[3][8] Smith is believed to have said in 1840 that when the Constitution hung by a thread, Latter Day Saint elders would step in "on the white horse" to save the country.[8]Joseph Smith is said to have made his statement in early May 1843, while the Latter Day Saints were headquartered in Nauvoo, Illinois. One of Smith's associates who heard the statement was Edwin Rushton. The most complete copy of Rushton's version of Joseph Smith's statement is contained in a 1902 diary entry made by John Roberts of Paradise, Utah. That rendering asserted that in his statement, Smith had prophesied that the Mormons "will go to the Rocky Mountains and will be a great and mighty people established there, which I will call the White Horse of peace and safety." Smith added "I shall never go there" and predicted continued persecution by enemies of the church, and he reportedly said, "You will see the Constitution of the United States almost destroyed. It will hang like a thread as fine as a silk fiber.... I love the Constitution; it was made by the inspiration of God; and it will be preserved and saved by the efforts of the White Horse, and by the Red Horse[4] who will combine in its defense." Smith also said, according to the diary, that Mormons would send missionaries to "gather the honest in heart from among the Pale Horse, or people of the United States, to stand by the Constitution of the United States as it was given by the inspiration of God." The account quotes Smith as predicting numerous wars involving Great Britain, France, Russia, China, and other countries, and saying that the European nobility "knows that [Mormonism] is true, but it has not pomp enough, and grandeur and influence for them to yet embrace it." He is also reported to have said that a temple that the Latter Day Saints had planned to build in Jackson County, Missouri "will be built in this generation."[5][6] In 1844, Smith rejected the platforms of the major candidates for president of the United States and decided to conduct his own third-party campaign[7][8] which was cut short by his murder on June 27 that year. After a succession crisis in which Brigham Young was accepted as Smith's successor by the majority of the Latter Day Saints, the Mormon migration to the Intermountain West began, under Young's direction, in February 1846.[9] Disputed authenticityThe authenticity of the White Horse Prophecy is much disputed. Most of its symbolistic content was not attested to during Smith's lifetime but was instead asserted by Rushton many years after Smith's death.[5] Whereas a philosophical kernel in Rushton's version is confirmed by contemporary LDS Church leaders as having been taught by Smith, Rushton's formulation, as a whole, has often been repudiated by the LDS Church over the years since as early as 1918.[10] An analysis of the White Horse Prophesy was included, along with mentions of its questioned authenticity, as an appendix within Prophecy: Key to the Future, by scriptural scholar and lay theologian Duane Crowther in 1962;[11] and, more recently, the Prophecy has been referenced in the writings of speculative theology by the Mormon fundamentalist Ogden Kraut.[12] In 1918, LDS president Joseph F. Smith dismissed the White Horse Prophecy as a "ridiculous story... and a lot of trash that has been circulated about... by two of our brethren who put together some broken sentences from [Joseph Smith] that they may have heard from time to time."[13] In his 1966 book Mormon Doctrine, LDS theologian (and later apostle) Bruce R. McConkie wrote, "From time to time, accounts of various supposed visions, revelations, and prophecies are spread forth by and among the Latter-day Saints, who should know better than to believe or spread such false information. One of these false and deceptive documents that has cropped up again and again for over a century is the so-called White Horse Prophecy."[14] In early 2010, the LDS Church issued a statement stating that "the so-called 'White Horse Prophecy' is based on accounts that have not been substantiated by historical research and is not embraced as Church doctrine."[15] Also in 2010, LDS historian Don L. Penrod examined significant differences in two early handwritten accounts of the prophecy, noted some words and phrases that were not characteristic of Joseph Smith's speaking style or current in his time, and speculated that Rushton had "in his elderly years recorded some things that [Smith] actually said, mixing in words of his own creation." It additionally noted that "memories of words and events, especially many years later, are often faulty."[10] Similar statementsSeveral sources attribute to Smith the idea that the US Constitution would one day hang by a thread, and LDS Church leaders have issued similar warnings about the Constitution.[8][25] Brigham YoungIn 1855, Brigham Young reportedly wrote that "when the Constitution of the United States hangs, as it were, upon a single thread, they will have to call for the 'Mormon' Elders to save it from utter destruction; and they will step forth and do it."[8][16] Orson HydeIn 1858, Orson Hyde, another contemporary of Smith, wrote that Smith believed "the time would come when the Constitution and the country would be in danger of an overthrow; and... if the Constitution be saved at all, it will be by the elders of [the LDS] Church."[8][17] Charles W. NibleyIn 1922, the LDS Church's fifth presiding bishop, Charles W. Nibley, stated that "the day would come when there would be so much of disorder, of secret combinations taking the law into their own hands, tramping upon Constitutional rights and the liberties of the people, that the Constitution would hang as by a thread. Yes, but it will still hang, and there will be enough of good people, many who may not belong to our Church at all, people who have respect for law and for order, and for Constitutional rights, who will rally around with us and save the Constitution."[18] Melvin J. BallardIn 1928, the LDS apostle Melvin J. Ballard remarked that "the prophet Joseph Smith said the time will come when, through secret organizations taking the law into their own hands... the Constitution of the United States would be so torn and rent asunder, and life and property and peace and security would be held of so little value, that the Constitution would, as it were, hang by a thread. This Constitution will be preserved, but it will be preserved very largely in consequence of what the Lord has revealed and what [the Mormons], through listening to the Lord and being obedient, will help to bring about, to stabilize and give permanency and effect to the Constitution itself. That also is our mission."[18] J. Reuben ClarkIn 1942, J. Reuben Clark, an LDS apostle and a member of the church's First Presidency, said that "You and I have heard all our lives that the time may come when the Constitution may hang by a thread.... I do know that whether it shall live or die is now in the balance." On the Constitution, Clark went on to cite its "free institutions," separation of powers, and the Bill of Rights. He added that "if we are to live as a Church, and progress, and have the right to worship... we must have the great guarantees that are set up by our Constitution."[19] Ezra Taft BensonIn a 1986 Brigham Young University speech, LDS president Ezra Taft Benson stated, "I have faith that the Constitution will be saved as prophesied by Joseph Smith. But it will not be saved in Washington. It will be saved by the citizens of this nation who love and cherish freedom. It will be saved by enlightened members of this Church – men and women who will subscribe to and abide by the principles of the Constitution."[20] Dallin H. OaksIn 2010, Elder Dallin H. Oaks spoke at a Constitution Day Celebration and warned about the importance of preserving the US Constitution. To that end, he claimed that "all citizens—whatever their religious or philosophical persuasion" should maintain several responsibilities regarding the Constitution: understand it, support the law, practice civic virtue, maintain civility in political discourse, and promote patriotism.[21] InterpretationQuestions on LDS attitudes towards the United States government, whether they are considered on their own or as parts of the White Horse Prophecy, have arisen from time to time as prominent Latter-day Saints have become involved in American politics. The White Horse Prophecy has been characterized as "effectively plac[ing] believers on perpetual Red Alert for the Constitution's possible demise"[22] and as admonishing Mormons to "come to the rescue and restore the true Constitution by any means necessary."[23] Writers such as Richard Abanes and Elaine Wolff have speculated, on the basis of the prophecy, that Mormons expect that the US will eventually become a "Mormon-ruled theocracy divinely ordained to 'not only direct the political affairs of the Mormon community, but eventually those of the United States and ultimately the worldk'"[24] and that "a Mormon, if he were elected president, would take his orders from Salt Lake City."[7] Besides many LDS members of the Republican Party, some LDS Democrats have also been inspired to run for office by the White Horse Prophecy.[25] Romney familyIn 1967, US presidential candidate George W. Romney said the following on the White Horse Prophecy: "I have always felt that they meant that sometime the question of whether we are going to proceed on the basis of the Constitution would arise and at this point government leaders who were Mormons would be involved in answering that question."[40] In 2007, US presidential candidate Mitt Romney, George's son, told the Salt Lake Tribune, "I haven't heard my name associated with [the White Horse Prophecy] or anything of that nature. That's not official church doctrine.... I don't put that at the heart of my religious belief."[40][26][27] Glenn BeckConservative media figure Glenn Beck, who joined the LDS Church in 1999, has alleged that President Barack Obama "is going to bring us to the verge of shredding the Constitution, of massive socialism."[8] On November 14, 2008, after Obama's election, Beck appeared on Bill O'Reilly's show The O'Reilly Factor and said that "we are at the place where the Constitution hangs in the balance, I feel the Constitution is hanging in the balance right now, hanging by a thread unless the good Americans wake up."[28] Earlier in November, while interviewing US Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah, also a Mormon, Beck had remarked, "I heard Barack Obama talk about the Constitution and I thought, we are at the point or we are very near the point where our Constitution is hanging by a thread."[28][29][30] Hatch appeared on Beck's Fox News show in January 2009, and Beck prompted him by declaring, "I believe our Constitution hangs by a thread."[28]LDS blogger and religious commentator Joanna Brooks has said that "it is likely that Beck owes his brand of Founding Father–worship to Mormonism.... Many Mormons also believe that Joseph Smith prophesied in 1843 that the US Constitution would one day 'hang by a thread' and be saved by faithful Mormons."[31] Washington Post journalist Dana Milbank has described Beck's views as essentially "White Horse Prophecy meets horsemen of the apocalypse,"[28] but Milbank has also observed that the White Horse Prophecy is "actually a fairly benign prophecy. They're talking about restoring law and order and peace and tranquility. It doesn't sound like a violent thing."[32] Rex RammellIn 2009, Idaho gubernatorial candidate Rex Rammell announced plans to hold a series of meetings with believing Mormon men, which were to include discussion of the White Horse Prophecy.[33][34] In response, LDS Church officials issued a statement that said that the church is "politically neutral" and hoped that "the campaign practices of political candidates would not suggest that their candidacy is supported by or connected to the church."[35][36] Rammell later retracted his original plan to limit his meetings to LDS men and apologized to "all those citizens who are not members of the LDS faith, who have expressed a sincere interest in attending my meetings and discussing this prophecy and how we can step forward and save the United States Constitution."[37] See also{{Portal|Latter-day Saints|Book of Mormon}}
References1. ^{{cite journal|url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/journal-issue-ids/journal-493|journal = BYU Studies|title = Edwin Rushton as the Source of the White Horse Prophecy|author = Don L. Penrod|volume = 49|issue = 3|pages = 75–115|year = 2010}} 2. ^{{cite book | title=Rough Stone Rolling | last=Bushman | first=Richard L. | year=2005 | publisher=Knopf | place=New York | isbn=1-4000-4270-4 | pages=392–394 }} 3. ^{{cite web | title=I Have a Question | magazine=Ensign | date=June 1976 | url=https://www.lds.org/ensign/1976/06/i-have-a-question?lang=eng | author=Stewart, D. Michael | accessdate=17 August 2015 | quote=The documents show that Joseph Smith did prophesy a number of times that the United States and the Constitution would be imperiled and that the elders would have a hand in saving them.}} 4. ^The identity of the "Red Horse" is not stated in the prophecy. 5. ^1 2 "The White Horse Prophecy", George Cobabe, Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (2004). Retrieved August 25, 2011. 6. ^{{cite book | title=Prophetic Years 1947–1953 | author=Anderson, Wing | pages=33–37 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=1946 | isbn=978-1-4286-3588-3}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite news | author=Wolff, Elaine | title=An American president | newspaper=San Antonio Current | date=October 17, 2007 | page=8 }} 8. ^{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Joseph, Jr.|authorlink=Joseph Smith, Jr.|year=1844|title=General Smith's Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/NCMP1820-1846,2597| accessdate=August 25, 2011}} 9. ^{{cite book | title=We'll Find the Place: The Mormon Exodus, 1846–1848 | author=Bennett, Richard E. | publisher=Deseret Book Company | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-8061-3838-1 | page=3 }} 10. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Don L. Penrod | title=Edwin Rushton as the Source of the White Horse Prophecy | journal=BYU Studies | volume=49 | issue=3 | year=2010 | pages=75–131 | url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/showTitle.aspx?title=8625 | accessdate=November 2, 2010}} 11. ^{{cite book | author=Crowther, Duane S. | title=Prophecy, Key to the Future | publisher=Horizon Publishers | year=1962 | isbn=0-88290-781-6 | pages=301–322 }} 12. ^{{cite book | author=Kraut, Ogden | title=The White Horse Prophecy | publisher=Pioneer Publishing | year=1993 | url=http://ogdenkraut.com/White%20Horse%20times%20new%20roman.htm | accessdate=October 1, 2011}} 13. ^{{cite web | title=The White Horse Prophecy | author=Cobabe, George | url=http://www.fairmormon.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/cobabe-whitehorse.pdf | publisher=FairMormon | date=December 2011 | accessdate=17 August 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book | title=Mormon Doctrine | edition=2nd | author=McConkie, Bruce R. | publisher=Bookcraft | year=1966 | page=835}} 15. ^1 "Church Statement on 'White Horse Prophecy' and Political Neutrality", Public Affairs Department, LDS Church, January 6, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 16. ^A discourse by President Brigham Young, delivered in the Tabernacle, Great Salt Lake City, February 18, 1855. Journal of Discourses, vol. 2, p. 182. 17. ^A sermon by Elder Orson Hyde, delivered in the Tabernacle, Great Salt Lake City, January 3, 1858. Journal of Discourses, vol. 6, p. 152. 18. ^1 {{cite book | title=Tears of a Clown: Glenn Beck and the Tea Bagging of America | author=Milbank, Dana | page=48 | publisher=Doubleday | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-385-53388-1}} 19. ^{{cite web | title=Private Ownership...under the United Order | magazine=Conference Report | date=October 1942 | pages=54–59 | url=http://scriptures.byu.edu/gettalk.php?ID=43 | accessdate=17 August 2015}} 20. ^Ezra Taft Benson, The Constitution: A Heavenly Banner, Latter Day Conservative, (16 September 1986). 21. ^Oaks, Dallin H. "Fundamentals of Our Constitutions." Utah's Constitution Day Celebration. Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, Utah. September 17, 2010. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/fundamentals-of-our-constitutions-elder-dallin-h-oaks 22. ^{{cite news | author=Reilly, Adam | title=Latterday Taint | newspaper=Boise Weekly | date=October 14, 2009 }} 23. ^{{cite news | author=Wurth, Michael | title=Teabooking 101: Tears of a Clown: Glenn Beck and the Tea Bagging of America | newspaper=San Antonio Current | date=January 19, 2011 | page=11 }} 24. ^1 [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1568582838 One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church], Richard Abanes, Basic Books (2003), p. xvii. 25. ^1 {{cite news | author=Sheffield, Carrie | title=Houses of Worship: White Horse in the White House | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=November 3, 2006 | page=13 | quote=Still, the prophecy continues to inspire Mormons to run for office, on both sides of the aisle.}} 26. ^{{cite web | publisher=AOL News | url=http://www.aolnews.com/2010/10/05/is-glenn-beck-attempting-to-fulfill-the-mormon-white-horse-prop/ | title=Is Glenn Beck Attempting to Fulfill the Mormon 'White Horse Prophecy'? | date=October 5, 2010 | accessdate=August 27, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824102649/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/10/05/is-glenn-beck-attempting-to-fulfill-the-mormon-white-horse-prop/ | archivedate=August 24, 2011 | df= }} 27. ^1 2 {{cite news | newspaper=Salt Lake Tribune | title=Romney candidacy has resurrected last days prophecy of Mormon saving the Constitution | date=June 4, 2007 | url=http://www.sltrib.com/lds/ci_6055090 | accessdate=August 27, 2011}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mormon Prophecy Behind Glenn Beck's Message by Dana Milbank, The Huffington Post, October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 29. ^{{cite news | author=Reilly, Adam | title=Latter-Day Taint | newspaper=Salt Lake City Weekly | date=December 3, 2009 | pages=20–22 }} 30. ^Glenn Beck with Sen. Hatch: 'Constitution is hanging by a thread', GlennBeck.com, November 4, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 31. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/politics/1885/ | author=Brooks, Joanna | title=How Mormonism Built Glenn Beck | publisher=Religion Dispatches | date=October 7, 2009 | accessdate=August 25, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706165607/http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/politics/1885/ | archivedate=July 6, 2010 | df= }} 32. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130470858 | title=Glenn Beck: Reading between the Coded Lines | publisher=National Public Radio | date=October 10, 2010 | accessdate=October 2, 2011}} 33. ^{{cite news | newspaper=Rexburg Standard Journal | location=Rexburg, Idaho | title=Rammell unapologetic about meeting with LDS elders | date=December 23, 2009 | url=http://www.rexburgstandardjournal.com/news/rammell-unapologetic-about-meeting-with-lds-elders/article_720058ba-227b-556a-9fbf-51d192ec1186.html | accessdate=December 3, 2011}} 34. ^{{cite news | newspaper=Deseret News | title=Idaho candidate Rammell holding LDS meetings | date=December 22, 2009 | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705353413/Idaho-candidate-Rammell-holding-LDS-meetings.html | accessdate=August 27, 2011}} 35. ^{{cite news | newspaper=Deseret News | title=LDS Church responds to Idaho candidate's 'elders only' meetings | date=December 26, 2009 | url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705379759/LDS-Church-responds-to-Idaho-candidates-elders-only-meetings.html | accessdate=August 27, 2011}} 36. ^{{cite news | newspaper=Rexburg Standard Journal | title=LDS Church issues statement on Rex Rammell | date=December 24, 2009 | url=http://www.rexburgstandardjournal.com/news/lds-church-issues-statement-on-rex-rammell/article_ad0674be-53ce-55e4-aad6-c070e10ab848.html | accessdate=December 4, 2011}} 37. ^{{cite news | newspaper=Rexburg Standard Journal | title=Rammell apologizes for LDS elders only meetings | date=January 9, 2010 | url=http://www.rexburgstandardjournal.com/news/rammell-apologizes-for-lds-elders-only-meetings/article_8c7e05cf-4430-59c8-bdd4-f35158a23cdd.html | accessdate=December 4, 2011}} 6 : Mormonism-related controversies|Prophecy|Works by Joseph Smith|1843 works|1843 in Christianity|Mormon folklore |
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