| 词条 | Antihero |
| 释义 |
}} An antihero or antiheroine is a main character in a story who lacks conventional heroic qualities and attributes such as idealism, courage and morality.[1][2][3][4][5] Although antiheroes may sometimes perform actions that are morally correct, it is not always for the right reasons, often acting primarily out of self-interest or in ways that defy conventional ethical codes.[6] HistoryAn early antihero is Homer's Thersites.[7]{{rp|197–198}} The concept has also been identified in classical Greek drama,[8] Roman satire, and Renaissance literature[7]{{rp|197–198}} such as Don Quixote[8][9] and the picaresque rogue.[10] The term antihero was first used as early as 1714,[5] emerging in works such as Rameau's Nephew in the 18th century,[7]{{rp|199–200}} and is also used more broadly to cover Byronic heroes as well.[11] Literary Romanticism in the 19th century helped popularize new forms of the antihero,[12][13] such as the Gothic double.[14] The antihero eventually became an established form of social criticism, a phenomenon often associated with the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground.[7]{{rp|201–207}} The antihero emerged as a foil to the traditional hero archetype, a process that Northrop Frye called the fictional "center of gravity".[15] This movement indicated a literary change in heroic ethos from feudal aristocrat to urban democrat, as was the shift from epic to ironic narratives.[15] Huckleberry Finn (1884) has been called "the first antihero in the American nursery".[16]The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1915),[17] Jean-Paul Sartre's La Nausée (1938) ({{Language with name/for||French|Nausea}}),[18] and Albert Camus' L'Étranger (1942) ({{Language with name/for||French|The Stranger}}).[19] The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.[20]{{ISBN missing|date=March 2019}} The antihero entered American literature in the 1950s and up to the mid-1960s was portrayed as an alienated figure, unable to communicate.[21]{{rp|294–295}} The American antihero of the 1950s and 1960s (as seen in the works of Jack Kerouac, Norman Mailer, et al.) was typically more proactive than his French counterpart, with characters such as Kerouac's Dean Moriarty famously taking to the road to vanquish his ennui.[22]{{rp|18}} The British version of the antihero emerged in the works of the "angry young men" of the 1950s.[8][23] The collective protests of Sixties counterculture saw the solitary antihero gradually eclipsed from fictional prominence,[22]{{rp|1}} though not without subsequent revivals in literary and cinematic form.[21]{{rp|295}} The antihero also plays a prominent role in films noir such as Double Indemnity (1944) and Night and the City (1950),[24] in gangster films such as The Godfather (1972),[25] and in Western films, especially the Revisionist Western and Spaghetti Western.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Lead figures in these westerns are often morally ambiguous, such as the "Man with No Name", portrayed by Clint Eastwood in A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966).{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} See also{{Portal|Literature}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antihero |title=antihero |publisher=American Heritage Dictionary |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/anti-hero |title=anti-hero |publisher=Macmillan Dictionary |date= |accessdate=4 October 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antiheroine?show=0&t=1350251069 |title=Antiheroine |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |date=31 August 2012 |accessdate=3 October 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/anti-hero |title=anti-hero |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |date= |accessdate=6 September 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antihero |title=Antihero |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |date=31 August 2012 |accessdate=3 October 2013}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Laham|first1=Nicholas|title=Currents of Comedy on the American Screen: How Film and Television Deliver Different Laughs for Changing Times |date=2009|publisher=McFarland & Co.|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=9780786442645|page=51}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Steiner|first1=George|title=Tolstoy Or Dostoevsky: An Essay in the Old Criticism|date=2013|publisher=Open Road|location=New York|isbn=9781480411913}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27600/antihero |title=antihero |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=14 February 2013 |accessdate=9 August 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=L. Lip|title=Literary Terms and Definitions A|url=http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_A.html#antihero_anchor|website=Dr. Wheeler's Website|publisher=Carson-Newman University|accessdate=3 October 2013}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Halliwell|first1=Martin|title=American Culture in the 1950s|date=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780748618859|page=60}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=L. Lip|title=Literary Terms and Definitions B|url=http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_A.html#antihero_anchor|website=Dr. Wheeler's Website|publisher=Carson-Newman University|accessdate=6 September 2014}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Alsen|first1=Eberhard|title=The New Romanticism: A Collection of Critical Essays|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781317776000|page=72|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DDHKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&dq=anti+hero+romanticism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YUc1VYjuMs7jaJjbgbAO&ved=0CC4QuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=anti%20hero%20romanticism&f=false|accessdate=20 April 2015}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Simmons|first1=David|title=The Anti-Hero in the American Novel: From Joseph Heller to Kurt Vonnegut|date=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9780230612525|page=5|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KZnFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=anti+hero+romanticism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YUc1VYjuMs7jaJjbgbAO&ved=0CCQQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=anti%20hero%20romanticism&f=false|accessdate=20 April 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=Deborah|title=The Dangerous Lover: Gothic Villains, Byronism, and the Nineteenth-century Seduction Narrative|date=2006|publisher=Ohio State University Press|location=Columbus|isbn=9780814210345|page=82|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=47I-p5s49vQC&pg=PA82&dq=antihero+%22gothic+double%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bUU1VY7ZMYPsasrUgegJ&ved=0CDIQuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=antihero%20%22gothic%20double%22&f=false|accessdate=20 April 2015}} 15. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Frye|first1=Northrop|title=Anatomy of Criticism|date=2002|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=9780141187099|page=34}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Hearn|first1=Michael Patrick|first3=|title=The Annotated Huckleberry Finn: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's Comrade)|date=2001|publisher=Norton|location=New York|isbn=0393020398|page=xvci|edition=1st}} 17. ^{{cite book|last1=Barnhart|first1=Joe E.|title=Dostoevsky's Polyphonic Talent|date=2005|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham|isbn=9780761830979|page=151}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Asong|first1=Linus T.|title=Psychological Constructs and the Craft of African Fiction of Yesteryears: Six Studies|date=2012|publisher=Langaa Research & Publishing CIG|location=Mankon|isbn=9789956727667|pages=76|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MFkDP6Lym9YC&pg=PA76&dq=La+Naus%C3%A9e+anti-hero&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WvAeVfvwK4e5OJLPgIgD&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=La%20Naus%C3%A9e%20anti-hero&f=false}} 19. ^{{cite book|last1=Gargett|first1=Graham|title=Heroism and Passion in Literature: Studies in Honour of Moya Longstaffe|date=2004|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9789042016927|page=198|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sc6QqZCpHgYC&pg=PA198&dq=l%27etranger+anti-hero&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVY1Vev8NoLiaMfdgZgL&ved=0CCIQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=l'etranger%20anti-hero&f=false}} 20. ^{{cite book|last1=Brereton|first1=Geoffery|title=A Short History of French Literature|date=1968|publisher=Penguin Books|pages=254–255}} 21. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Hardt|first1=Michael|last2=Weeks|first2=Kathi|title=The Jameson Reader|date=2000|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford, UK ; Malden, Massachusetts|isbn=9780631202707|edition=Reprint}} 22. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Edelstein|first1=Alan|title=Everybody is Sitting on the Curb: How and why America's Heroes Disappeared|date=1996|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=9780275953645}} 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Ousby|first1=Ian|title=The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Literature in English|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780521436274|page=27}} 24. ^{{cite web |last1=Eggert |first1=Brian |title=Night and the City |url=https://deepfocusreview.com/definitives/night-and-the-city/ |website=Deep Focus Review |accessdate=20 June 2018 |date=30 August 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web|last1=Brinton|first1=Sadie|title=Classic Ten – Greatest Anti-Heroes|url=http://www.amc.com/talk/2008/11/classic-ten-g-15|website=AMC|accessdate=11 September 2016|date=September 2008}} Further reading
External links{{Wiktionary}}
3 : Hero|Superhero fiction themes|Tropes |
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