“Nihoa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The island is home to 25 species of plants and several animals, making it the most diverse island in the entire NWHI. Endemic birds like the Nihoa finch and Nihoa millerbird, and endemic plants like the Nihoa fan palm, the Nihoa carnation, and Amaranthus brownii are found only on Nihoa. The plant communities and rocky outcrops provide nesting and perching areas for 18 species of seabirds, such as red-footed boobies and brown noddies, terns, shearwaters, and petrels. Prehistoric evidence indicates Native Hawaiians lived on or visited the island around AD 1000, but over time the location of Nihoa was mostly forgotten, with only an oral legend preserving its name. Captain James Colnett rediscovered the island in 1788, and Queen Kaʻahumanu visited it in 1822. It was made part of the Kingdom of Hawaii by King Kamehameha IV.

In 1909, Nihoa became part of the Hawaiian Islands Reservation, a federal wildlife refuge established by U.S president Theodore Roosevelt. The Tanager Expedition surveyed the island in 1923, taking a comprehensive biological inventory of its many species. In 1940, it became part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Wildlife Refuge and in 1988, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its culturally significant archaeological sites. In 2006, it became part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Efforts are underway to ensure that endangered plant species are propagated beyond their limited range and represented in ex situ collections. Persons intending to visit Nihoa for cultural and scientific research purposes require a USFWS-issued special-use permit to land on the island so as to reduce the risk of introducing alien species to Nihoa's already fragile ecosystem.

Geology

Nihoa is part of the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain of volcanic islands, atolls, and seamounts starting from the island of Hawai{{okina}}i in the southeast to the Aleutian Islands in the northwest. It is the youngest of ten islands in the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), having formed 7.2 million years ago; the oldest, Kure Atoll, formed 30 million years ago. Over the millennia, Nihoa has experienced significant erosion; along with Necker, French Frigate Shoals, and Gardner Pinnacles, Nihoa is one of only four islands in the NWHI that still has an exposed basalt rock substrate.^[2] Six valleys slant down from north to south, meeting at the south side of the island: West Valley, West Palm Valley, Miller Valley, Middle Valley, East Palm Valley, and East Valley.

Among features on Nihoa are Dog's Head Peak ({{convert|358|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}), named for its likeness, and Pinnacle Peak ({{convert|626|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}), a volcanic dike created when less resilient rock was eroded away and harder rock was open to the elements. The only flat area on the island is Albatross Plateau, just below Miller's Peak. The Devil's Slide is a narrow cleft descending {{convert|700|ft|m|-1|}} irrespective of the surrounding elevation. Extending northward from Albatross Plateau, it ends at the vertical cliffs with a {{convert|190|ft|m|-1|adj=on}} drop straight down to the ocean below. In this chasm, rare ferns grow, along with several endemic species, including a giant cricket.^[3]

Ecology

Nihoa's inaccessibility and lack of major guano deposits made the island unattractive to humans, helping to preserve its endemic species from extinction. Because of Nihoa's small size, most of its endemic organisms are endangered, as one single disaster such as an island-wide fire or an introduction of invasive species could wipe out the whole population. One such invasive species is the gray bird grasshopper, Schistocerca nitens; from the period between 1999 and 2003, grasshoppers devastated much of the vegetation on the island and posed a real threat to the continued health of plants on Nihoa.^[4] The following year, the numbers decreased and the vegetation became lush again. The grasshoppers probably came to Nihoa by way of wind from Kauai.

Prehistoric human habitation

Nihoa was well known to the early Hawaiians. Archaeological expeditions found extensive prehistoric agricultural terraces and house sites.^[6] At least one site has been dated to around the 1st millennium AD, sometime between 867-1037.^[7] There is some doubt as to the number of people that lived on Nihoa, because while the large terraces suggest a considerable number, there is scant fresh water to be found. Archaeologists Kenneth Emory^[8] and Paul Cleghorn^[9] estimate that water could support as many as 100 people, although if the island were previously forested, this would have increased fresh water supplies relative to its current state. It is also thought that Nihoa may have been used only for religious purposes, which would have meant that ancient Hawaiians only visited here occasionally and did not stay for long. Because of the island's importance, the island was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and subsequently became part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in June 2006.

Nihoa, along with Necker Island to the northwest, is among the most northern, isolated, smallest and driest of the Hawaiian islands, and receives the lowest dust and tephra input. All of these features were found to strongly predict deforestation among the Pacific Islands. The collapse of the Nihoa population may stem from this, similar to how Easter Island became inclement to its human civilization following deforestation and depletion of seabirds and other natural resources.^[10]

Early exploration

The first Westerner to discover Nihoa was Captain James Colnett of the Prince of Wales, on March 21, 1788. Due to Colnett's lengthy absence from England, including his imprisonment by the Spanish for his part in the Nootka Sound Incident, the discovery was once widely accredited to Captain William Douglas of the Iphigenia, who sighted Nihoa almost a year later.^[11]

By the end of the 18th century, Nihoa had been forgotten by most Hawaiians. In 1822, Queen Ka{{okina}}ahumanu and her husband King Kaumuali{{okina}}i traveled with Captain William Sumner to find Nihoa, as her generation had only known the island through songs and myths.^[6] Later, King Kamehameha IV sailed there to officially annex the island as part of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i. Finally, in 1885, Princess Liliuokalani made a pilgrimage to Nihoa with her escorts, but their luncheon was cut short when one of the party ignited a wildfire by accident. The group tried to flee the island, but the rising tides made it difficult and several boats were flooded, destroying some of the photographs taken.^[12]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Rauzon|2001|p=8}}. Captain William Douglas, the second Western explorer to find Nihoa, describes the island as "[bearing] the form of a saddle, high at each end, and low in the middle. To the south, it is covered with verdure; but on the north, west, and east sides it is a barren rock, perpendicularly steep..."
2. ^{{cite web|author=Department of Forestry and Wildlife |authorlink= |year=2005 |url=http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/NAAT%20final%20CWCS/Chapters/CHAPTER%206%20nwhi%20NAAT%20final%20!.pdf |title=Chapter 6: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) |publisher=Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322164824/http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/NAAT%20final%20CWCS/Chapters/CHAPTER%206%20nwhi%20NAAT%20final%20!.pdf |archivedate=March 22, 2012 }}
3. ^{{harvnb|Rauzon|2001}}.
4. ^{{harvnb|Liittschwager|Middleton|2005|p=94}}
5. ^{{NRISref|2007a}}
6. ^¹{{harvnb|Tava|Keale|1998|pp=102–103}}.
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Terry L.|author2=Holsen, Robert M. |year=1991|hdl=10125/19261|title=An Early Radiocarbon Chronology for the Hawaiian Islands: A Preliminary Analysis|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=30|issue=1|page=157|issn=0066-8435}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Emory|first=Kenneth P.|authorlink=Kenneth Emory|origyear=1928|year=2003|title=Archaeology of Nihoa and Necker Islands|publisher = Bishop Museum Press|series=Bishop Museum Bulletin. 53}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Cleghorn|first=Paul L.|year=1988|title=The settlement and abandonment of two Hawaiian outposts: Nihoa and Necker islands|journal=Bishop Museum Occasional Papers|publisher=Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum|volume=28|pages=35–49}}
10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Rolett | first1 = B. | last2 = Diamond | first2 = J. | year = 2004 | title = Environmental predictors of pre-European deforestation on Pacific islands | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 431 | issue = 7007| pages = 443–446 | pmid = 15386010 | doi=10.1038/nature02801|bibcode = 2004Natur.431..443R }}
11. ^{{harvnb|Rauzon|2001|p=8}}.
12. ^{{harvnb|Rauzon|2001|p=12}}.

References