| 词条 | Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa |
| 释义 |
| name = Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = c. 840 CE | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | body_discovered = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = Kodungallur in Kerala, India | nationality = Indian | citizenship = | other_names = | known_for = Setting up the Mahodayapuram observatory, the first astronomical observatory in India | education = | alma_mater = | employer = | notable works = Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa | occupation = Astronomer-mathematician | years_active = | home_town = | height = | weight = | boards = | spouse = | children = | parents = | relations = | callsign = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }}Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa (c. 840 – c. 900) was an Indian astronomer-mathematician in the court of Sthāṇu Ravi "Kulaśekhara" (c. 844—c. 883 CE) of the Cēra/Kulaśēkhara kingdom of Makōtai (Koṭuṅṅallūr).[1][2] He is believed to have established the first astronomical observatory in South Asia at Koṭuṅṅallūr.[2][3] Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa is best known as the author of Laghubhāskarīya-Vivaraṇa (869 CE), a commentary on Laghubhāskarīya by 7th century mathematician Bhāskara I (which in turn is based on the work of famous polymath Āryabhata).[4][5] Laghubhāskarīya-Vivaraṇa was written c. 869 CE for the author writes in the text that it is written in the Sāka Year 791.[5] Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa was a student of the astronomer and mathematician Gōvindasvāmi (c. 800 – c. 860). Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa's observatoryInformation on observatories in India is meager. Many astronomers patronized by kings carried out astronomical observations. The places of these observations could be called as observatories. The first extant reference to a place of observation with some instruments in India is in the treatise Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa authored by Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa. In this work, Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa speaks of a place with instruments in the capital city Mahodayapuram of King Sthanu Ravi Varma of the Kulasekhara dynasty in Kerala. Mahodayapuram has been identified with the present day Kodungallur.[2] The observatory was fitted with an armillary sphere which is a model of the celestial sphere. At the directions of Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa, in every 'Kadigai' duration of 34 minutes, bells were sounded at different important centres of the town to announce correct time. The following is a translation of the verses in Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa containing references to the existence of an observatory in Mahodayapura:[6]
Mathematical achievements{{Chera Dynasty}}Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa covers the standard mathematical methods of Aryabhata I such as the solution of the indeterminate equation by = ax ± c (a, b, c integers) in integers which is then applied to astronomical problems. The Indian method involves using the Euclidean algorithm. It is called kuttakara ("pulveriser").[5] The most unusual feature of the Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa is the use of katapayadi system of numeration as well as the place-value Sanskrit numerals which Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa frequently uses.[5] Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa is the first author known to use katapayadi system of numeration with this name but he did not invent it for it appears to be identical to a system invented earlier which was called varnasamjna. The numeration system called varnasamjna was invented by the astronomer Haridatta, and it was explained by him in a text which was written in 684. The system is based on writing numbers using the letters of the Indian alphabet:
Under this system 1 to 5 are represented by four different letters. For example, 1 is represented by the letters ka, ta, pa, ya which give the system its name (ka, ta, pa, ya becomes katapaya). Then 6, 7, 8 are represented by three letters and finally nine and zero are represented by two letters. The system was a spoken one in the sense that consonants and vowels which are not vocalised have no numerical value. The system is a place-value system with zero. In fact many different "words" could represent the same number and this was highly useful for works written in verse. See also
References1. ^Narayanan, M. G. S. "Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy—Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (c. AD 800–AD 1124)" Kerala. Calicut University Press. 1996 {{Indian astronomy}}{{Indian mathematics}}{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankaranarayana}}2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=George Gheverghese Joseph|title=A Passage to Infinity|publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd.|location=New Delhi|date=2009|pages=13|isbn=978-81-321-0168-0}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Virendra Nath Sharma|title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|date=1995|id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-208-1256-X}} }} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Laghubhaskariyavivarana|date=1949|publisher=TSS|editor=S. Venkitasubramonia Iyar|volume=162|location=Trivandrun|editor2=S.Kochukunju Asari}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{MacTutor|id=Sankara|title=Sankara Narayana}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The history of cartography : Volume 2 Book 1 : Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies|editor=J.B. harley|editor2=David Woodward|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1992|pages=360|isbn=0-226-31635-1}} 11 : Hindu astronomy|People from Thrissur district|Kerala school|Year of birth uncertain|9th-century Indian mathematicians|10th-century Indian mathematicians|Scientists from Kerala|9th-century Indian astronomers|10th-century Indian astronomers|Scholars from Kerala|Chera kingdom |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。