| 词条 | Norilsk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Norilsk | ru_name = Нори́льск | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Norilsk 03.jpg | image_caption = Norilsk Center, Leninsky Prospekt | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|69|20|N|88|13|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk kray).png | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk kray).png | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Krasnoyarsk Krai | federal_subject_ref = [1] | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = krai city of Norilsk | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [1] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = krai city of Norilsk | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [1] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Norilsk Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [5] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Norilsk Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [5] | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = | leader_name_ref = | representative_body = | representative_body_ref = | elevation_m = | area_km2 = | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 175365 | pop_2010census_rank = 102nd | pop_2010census_ref = [1] | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1935 | established_title = | established_date_ref = [2] | current_cat_date = 1953 | current_cat_date_ref = [2] | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 663300-663341 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 3919 | dialing_codes_ref = [3] | website = http://www.norilsk-city.ru/ }} Norilsk ({{lang-rus|Нори́льск|p=nɐˈrʲilʲsk}}) is an industrial city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located above the Arctic Circle, east of the Yenisei River and south of the western Taymyr Peninsula. It has a permanent population of 175,000. With temporary inhabitants included, its population reaches 220,000. It is the world's northernmost city with more than 100,000 inhabitants and the second-largest city (after Murmansk) inside the Arctic Circle. Norilsk and Yakutsk are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone. HistoryNorilsk was founded at the end of the 1920s, but the official date of founding is traditionally 1935, when Norilsk was expanded as a settlement for the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex and became the center of the Norillag system of Gulag labor camps. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1939 and town status in 1953.[4] Norilsk is located between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the {{convert|1700|m|ft|-high|sp=us|adj=mid}} Putoran Mountains, on some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium and coal are mined. Mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton had been known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when the buried portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain. Talnakh is the major mine/enrichment site now from where an enriched ore emulsion is pumped to Norilsk metallurgy plants. To support the new city, a railway to the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River was established, first as a narrow-gauge line (winter 1935–36), later as {{Track gauge|Russian gauge|lk=on}} Russian standard gauge line (completed in the early 1950s).[5] From Dudinka, enriched nickel and copper are transported to Murmansk by sea and, then, to the Monchegorsk enrichment and smelting plant on the Kola Peninsula, while more precious content goes up the river to Krasnoyarsk. This transportation only takes place during the summer. The port of Dudinka is closed and dismantled during spring's ice barrier floods of up to {{convert|20|m|sp=us}} in late May (a typical spring occurrence on all Siberian rivers).[6] In the early 1950s, another railway was under construction from the European coal city Vorkuta via the Salekhard/Ob River, and Norilsk got a spacious railway station built in the expectation of train service to Moscow,[5] but construction stopped after Joseph Stalin died. According to the archives of Norillag, 16,806 prisoners died in Norilsk under the conditions of forced labor, starvation and intense cold during the existence of the camp (1935–1956).[7] Fatalities were especially high during the war years of 1942–1944 when food supplies were particularly scarce. Prisoners organized the non-violent Norilsk uprising in 1953. An unknown, yet significant number of prisoners continued to serve and die in the mines until around 1979. Norilsk-Talnakh continues to be a dangerous mine to work in: according to the mining company, there were 2.4 accidents per thousand workers in 2005. In 2017, Norilsk Nickel claimed that it had reduced its overall lost time injury frequency rate by almost 60% since 2013.[8] Administrative and municipal statusWithin the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the urban-type settlement of Snezhnogorsk, incorporated as the krai city of Norilsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[9] As a municipal division, the krai city of Norilsk is incorporated as Norilsk Urban Okrug.[10] DemographicsPopulationThe population of Norilsk is {{ru-census2010|175,365|}}[11] after the fall of the USSR, its population went down by 40,000, but this was offset by the subsequent merger of the towns of Kayerkan and Talnakh into Norilsk, maintaining a permanent population of 175,000. Including temporary residents, the population reaches 220,000 people. Life expectancy for local residents is about ten years less than average Russian life expectancy.[12]
ReligionChristianity is the main religion in Norilsk. There is a Russian Orthodox cathedral, several Russian Orthodox churches and a Ukrainian Orthodox church. There is a mosque in Norilsk. Built in 1998 and belonging to the local Tatar community, it is considered to be the northernmost Muslim prayer house in the world.[14] Geography and natural environmentNorilsk is the world's northernmost city with more than 100,000 inhabitants and the second-largest city (after Murmansk) inside the Arctic Circle. Norilsk, Yakutsk and Vorkuta are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone. It lies between Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District to the north, and Turukhansky District to the south. ClimateDespite being located inside the arctic circle, Norilsk has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with very long, severely cold winters and very short, mild summers. It is covered with snow for about 250–270 days a year, with snow storms for about 110–130 days. The "midnight sun" is above the horizon from 21 May to 24 July (65 days), and the period when the sun does not rise, polar night, is from approximately 30 November to 13 January (45 days). Temperatures can sometimes rise above {{convert|25|C}} in July. Much of the surrounding areas are naturally treeless tundra. Only a few trees exist in Norilsk. {{Weather box|location=Norilsk |metric first=yes |single line=yes |width = 87% |Jan high C= -23.6 |Feb high C= -23.9 |Mar high C= -18.4 |Apr high C= -10.0 |May high C= -1.7 |Jun high C= 10.4 |Jul high C= 18.2 |Aug high C= 15.0 |Sep high C= 6.9 |Oct high C= -6.7 |Nov high C= -16.9 |Dec high C= -21.6 |Jan record high C= -3.0 |Feb record high C= -2.0 |Mar record high C= 7.4 |Apr record high C= 10.5 |May record high C= 22.8 |Jun record high C= 30.4 |Jul record high C= 32.0 |Aug record high C= 28.7 |Sep record high C = 18.6 |Oct record high C = 9.6 |Nov record high C = 3.1 |Dec record high C = -1.0 |year high C = -6.2 |Jan mean C = -26.9 |Feb mean C = -27.2 |Mar mean C = -21.9 |Apr mean C = -13.9 |May mean C = -4.8 |Jun mean C = 7.0 |Jul mean C = 14.3 |Aug mean C = 11.4 |Sep mean C = 4.0 |Oct mean C = -9.5 |Nov mean C = -20.2 |Dec mean C = -25.1 |year mean C = -9.6 |Jan low C = -30.7 |Feb low C = -31.0 |Mar low C = -26.4 |Apr low C = -18.5 |May low C = -8.4 |Jun low C = 3.2 |Jul low C = 10.0 |Aug low C = 7.6 |Sep low C = 1.2 |Oct low C = -12.5 |Nov low C = -23.9 |Dec low C = -28.9 |year low C = -13.4 |Jan record low C = -53.1 |Feb record low C = -52.0 |Mar record low C = -46.1 |Apr record low C = -38.7 |May record low C = -26.8 |Jun record low C = -9.8 |Jul record low C = 0.4 |Aug record low C = -1.0 |Sep record low C = -14.0 |Oct record low C = -36.0 |Nov record low C = -43.1 |Dec record low C = -51.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 17.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 16.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 28.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 21.1 |May precipitation mm = 24.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 34.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 32.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 52.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 26.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 35.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 30.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 22.1 |year precipitation mm = |source 1=Weatherbase, except for the July record high |source 2=July record high: Official website of Norilsk. В Норильске самый жаркий июль за всю историю метеонаблюдений {{ru icon}}; The Siberian Times. Norilsk breaks records for Arctic heat in a new sign of changing weather patterns }} Norilsk-Talnakh nickel depositsThe nickel deposits of Norilsk-Talnakh are the largest-known nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world. The deposit was formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province (STIP). The STIP erupted over one million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains. The ore was formed when the erupting magma became saturated in sulfur, forming globules of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and other sulfides. These sulfides were then "washed" by the continuing torrent of erupting magma, and upgraded their tenor with nickel, copper, platinum and palladium.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The current resource known for these mineralized intrusion exceeds 1.8 billion tons.[15] MMC Norilsk Nickel, headquartered in Moscow, is the principal mining operator in Norilsk-Talnakh. The ore is mined underground via several shafts, and a decline. The ore deposits are currently being extracted at more than {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} below ground and drilled from the surface. Nickel production for 2008 amounted to 299.7 thousand metric tonnes. Copper production for 2008 amounted to 419 thousand metric tonnes.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The deposits are being explored by a Russian government-controlled company. The company is known to be using electromagnetic field geophysics, with loops on surface which are over {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} on a side. They allow conclusive imaging of the conductive nickel ore at depths in excess of {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} PollutionNickel ore is smelted at the company's processing site at Norilsk. This smelting is directly responsible for severe pollution, that generally comes in the form of acid rain and smog. By some estimates, one percent of global sulfur dioxide emission comes from Norilsk's nickel mines.[16] Heavy metal pollution near Norilsk is so severe that it has now become economically feasible to mine surface soil, as the soil has acquired such high concentrations of platinum and palladium.[17] The Blacksmith Institute once included Norilsk in its list of the ten most polluted places on Earth. The list cites air pollution by particulates (including radioisotopes strontium-90, and caesium-137 and metals nickel, copper, cobalt, lead and selenium) and by gases (such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, phenols and hydrogen sulfide). The Institute estimates four million tons of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, selenium and zinc are released into the air every year.[18] Russia's Federal State Statistics Service lists Norilsk as the most polluted city in Russia. In 2017, Norilsk produced 1.798 million tonnes of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304.6 thousand tonnes that was generated by Russia's second-most polluted city, Cherepovets. Norilsk, the report states, decontaminates almost half of its emissions.[19] According to an April 2007 BBC News report,[20] Norilsk Nickel accepted personal responsibility for what had happened to the forests, and insisted that the company was implementing measures to reduce pollution. In 2016, company chairman Vladimir Potanin admitted that its biggest problem was environmental.[21] In 2017, Norilsk Nickel announced that it had invested $14 billion in a major development programme aimed at reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in Norilsk by 75% by 2023, compared to 2015 as a base year. One of the bigger steps taken to combat pollution was the closure of Nornickel's old smelter in Norilsk—the main source of SO2 emissions within the city boundaries since 1942.[22] Norilsk Nickel has stated that the total emissions of its Russian operations was 6% lower in 2016 than in 2015, primarily due to the shutdown of the smelter. The company's environmental programme also includes an upgrade of the Talnakh Concentrator to increase sulphur disposal to tailings and the construction of recycling units to extract sulphur dioxide from waste gases at Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant and Copper Plant.[23] In September 2016, images surfaced on social media of the nearby Daldykan River which had turned red. Russia's Environment Ministry issued a statement claiming that preliminary evidence pointed towards Nornickel-owned wastewater pipes from a nearby smelting plant as the source of the contamination. The company referred to intense rainfall and insisted the incident that the sedimentary colouring was of no danger to people or wildlife. The smelting plant, the company said then, was in the process of being modernized.[24] EconomyMMC Norilsk Nickel, a mining company, is the principal employer in the Norilsk area.[25]The city is served by Alykel Airport and Valek Airport. There is a freight-only railway, the Norilsk railway between Norilsk and the port of Dudinka. There is a road network around Norilsk (such as the A-382 which links to Dudinka and Norilsk Alykel Airport), but no road or railway to the rest of Russia. In essence, Norilsk and Dudinka function like an island. Freight transport is by boat on the Arctic Ocean or on the Yenisei River. For a while, the internet was only available via a slow satellite connection. However, a 957 km communications cable was laid along the Yenisei River towards Krasnoyarsk, with the work finishing in 2017.[26] CultureNorilsk has a history museum and an art gallery,[27] the Norilsk Polar Drama Theater,[28] a zoo,[29] a cultural center,[30] a sports and entertainment complex and arena,[31] and many monuments and historical buildings.[32] {{clear}}{{gallery|width=160 | height=170 | lines=4 |File:Theatrenorilsk.jpg |alt1=Blocky, somewhat modern light-colored building | Norilsk Polar Drama Theater |File:Leninnorilsk.jpg |alt2=Large concrete statute of Lenin | Lenin Monument in Norilsk |File:Nurd Kamal Mosque.jpg |alt3=Teal mosque with small gold dome | Nurd Kamal, the world's northernmost mosque |File:Norilskmanmonument.jpg |alt4=Soviet-style bas-relief of a ripped shirtless worker | Monument to the city's builders in downtown Norilsk |File:Memorial belfry in Norilsk.jpg|Norilsk Golgotha, a memorial to Gulag prisoners who labored at Norilsk }} Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Norilsk is twinned with:
Notable people
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Michail V. Kozlov|author2=Elena Zvereva|author3=Vitali Zverev|title=Impacts of Point Polluters on Terrestrial Biota: Comparative analysis of 18 contaminated areas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMkeLcaGrtEC&pg=PA63|date=28 July 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2467-1|page=63}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=телефонных кодов|url=http://sanstv.ru/codes/code-73919|accessdate=7 February 2016|language=Russian}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/features/life-behind-closed-doors-in-the-arctic-is-fun/|title= Life behind closed doors in the Arctic is.....fun!}} 5. ^1 По рельсам истории {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929144501/http://gazetazp.ru/cgi-bin/showissue.pl?n=2007%2F109&i=5 |date=September 29, 2007 }}{{ru icon}} ("Rolling on the rails of history"), Zapolyarnaya Pravda, No. 109 (July 28, 2007) 6. ^{{cite web|title=Northern Sea Route Information Office|url=http://www.arctic-lio.com/dudinka|accessdate=8 February 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.memorial.krsk.ru/Public/00/20000609.htm|title=Люди Норильлага|publisher=|language=Russian}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/5b9/20171120_strategy_eng_2017_final_london.pdf|title=Norilsk – Mining Hell|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=8 February 2016}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 Law #10-4765 10. ^1 2 Law #12-2697 11. ^The large population increase between the 2002 and the 2010 Censuses is due to the merger of the towns of Kayerkan and Talnakh into Norilsk in December 2004 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/545228/my-deadly-beautiful-city-norilsk/|title=A Toxic, Closed-Off City on the Edge of the World|last=Fiore|first=Victoria|date=November 8, 2017|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-03-21}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-muslims-russia-arctic-idUSL1072493620070415|title=Arctic mosque stays open but Muslim numbers shrink|date=15 April 2007|publisher=|via=Reuters}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/04/15/us-muslims-russia-arctic-idUSL1072493620070415|title = Arctic mosque stays open but Muslim numbers shrink|last = Paxton|first = Robin|date = 2007-05-15|work = Reuters|access-date = 2015-02-28}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nornik.ru/en/about-norilsk-nickel/operations/mineral-reserves-and-resources-statement/minerals-resources-and-ore-reserves-of-taimyr-and-kola-peninsula-as-of-december-31-2014|title=Mineral Reserves and Resources Statement|date=November 3, 2008|publisher=MMC Norilsk Nickel}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1124.html|title=Norilsk, Siberia|publisher=NASA|accessdate=8 February 2016}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/world/europe/12norilsk.html?ref=world|title=For One Business, Polluted Clouds Have Silvery Linings|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E.|date=July 12, 2007|accessdate=July 12, 2007|publisher=The New York Times}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://whenonearth.net/10-places-in-most-need-of-an-environmental-cleanup/|title=10 Places in Most Need of an Environmental Cleanup|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-29}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1140094699578|title=Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики|website=www.gks.ru|access-date=2018-01-29}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6528853.stm|title=Toxic truth of secretive Siberian city|date=April 5, 2007|work=BBC News|accessdate=September 14, 2007}} 21. ^{{Cite news|url=http://bellona.org/news/industrial-pollution/2016-12-norilsk-nickels-potanin-says-his-company-should-be-an-environmental-example|title=Norilsk Nickel’s Potanin says his company should be an environmental example - Bellona.org|date=2016-12-21|work=Bellona.org|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en-US}} 22. ^http://network.bellona.org/content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Nornickel-on-The-Kola-Peninsula.pdf 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ar2016.nornik.ru/en/strategy/environmental-protection/environmental-impact|title=Environmental impact – Environmental Protection – Strategic report – Nornickel Annual report 2016|website=ar2016.nornik.ru|access-date=2018-01-29}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37345105|title=Russia firm admits 'red river' spillage|date=2016-09-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en-GB}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/the-2007-top-ten-of-worst-polluted-places.html|publisher=The Blacksmith Institute|title=World's Worst Polluted Places 2007|date=September 2007|accessdate=August 10, 2010}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry-and-energy/2017/09/largest-city-russias-arctic-tundra-gets-fiber-optic-internet|publisher=The Independent|title=Russia’s remotest Arctic tundra city gets fiber-optic internet|date=September 28, 2017|accessdate=February 18, 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g670439-Activities-c49-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html#TtD |title=Museums in Norilsk |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g670439-d2588208-Reviews-Norilsk_Polar_Drama_Theater-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html |title=Norilsk Polar Drama Theater |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g670439-Activities-c48-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html#TtD |title=Norilsk Zoos & Aquariums |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g670439-d2591398-Reviews-Norilsk_Town_Cultural_Center-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html |title=Norilsk Town Cultural Center |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g670439-d7296282-Reviews-Sport_Entertainment_Complex_Arena-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html |title=Sport Entertainment Complex Arena |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g670439-Activities-c47-Norilsk_Krasnoyarsk_Krai_Siberian_District.html#TtD |title=Norilsk Sights |work=Trip Advisor |accessdate=March 26, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article3200272.ece|title=Darker than it looks|work=Times Online|author=Waldemar Januszczak|accessdate=January 26, 2008|location=London|date=January 20, 2008|subscription=true}} Sources
External links{{commons category|Norilsk}}{{wikivoyage|Norilsk}}
7 : Cities and towns in Krasnoyarsk Krai|Closed cities|Populated places established in the 1920s|Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union|Populated places of Arctic Russia|Monotowns in Russia|1935 establishments in the Soviet Union |
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