| 词条 | Antonov An-8 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Antonov An-8 (NATO reporting name: Camp) is a Soviet-designed twin-turboprop, high-wing light military transport aircraft.[1] DevelopmentIn December 1951, OKB-153 initiated the design of a twin-engined assault transport aircraft, designated DT-5/8 (Desahntno-Trahnsportnyy [samolyot] – assault transport aircraft), to be powered by two Kuznetsov TV-2 turboprop engines, and fitted with a large rear cargo door to allow vehicles to be driven straight into the hold.[1] On 11 December 1953, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued directive No.2922-1251 to the Antonov OKB, requiring them to build a twin-turboprop transport aircraft derived from the DT-5/8. Bearing the in-house designation Izdeliye P the resulting aircraft followed state-of-the-art practice with a high wing carrying two propeller engines, atop a rectangular-section fuselage, tricycle undercarriage with main gear units housed in pods on either side of the fuselage, and an upswept rear fuselage providing clearance of the tail unit for loading and unloading. After State acceptance trials, production was not recommended due to poor spin characteristics, directional stability and control issues, nosewheel shimmy, poor controllability when landing in crosswinds above 6 m/s (12 kt) and also phugoid oscillations in all three axes which were difficult to control and made piloting the prototype tiring. As well as the aerodynamic faults, the TV-2 engines proved difficult to start with unstable gas dynamics at altitudes above 6,000 m (19,700 ft).[1] The Antonov OKB set about rectifying these faults with increased-area vertical and horizontal tail surfaces, anti-spin strakes on the upper rear fuselage sides, deleting the wing LE slats, local structural reinforcements and replacing the TV-2 engines with Ivchenko AI-20D turboprop engines, which had the added benefit of reducing the empty weight by three tonnes (6,600 lb). The new design required the use of new production techniques, such as stamping and forging of large high-strength parts, extrusion of long sections, chemical milling of large skin panels and other new techniques.[1] Given the service designation An-8, the new transport was built in the GAZ-34 factory in Tashkent from 1957 to 1961, as a larger-capacity replacement for the earlier Lisunov Li-2 (DC-3), with a large unpressurized hold, a manned tail gun position, chin radome for navigation/mapping radar and a glazed nose for the navigator.[2] Operational historyThe first production aircraft was rolled out in December 1958 incorporating de-rated AI-20D engines, (the initial production AI-20D was found to be incapable of delivering the specified power), modified undercarriage control systems, fuel vents, pressurization and de-icing systems, as well as thicker gauge skin in the propeller plane of rotation and increased rudder range of movement.[1] The majority of An-8s built served in the Soviet Air Forces, with two An-8s being used to land special forces to seize Plzeň airport during the Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Others were used as electronic reconnaissance aircraft, and one aircraft was used for air sampling following Chinese nuclear testing in 1966.[3] They continued in large-scale use on frontline military duties in the Soviet Air Force until the 1970s, when many were later transferred to Aeroflot for use as freighters. Following a series of accidents in the early 1990s, the An-8 was withdrawn from use in Russia. This did not mean the end of the An-8, however, as a number were sold overseas with a few aircraft observed flying in the Middle East, and until recently, in Africa, (particularly Liberia), DR Congo and Angola, (especially airlines associated with the Russian businessman and alleged arms dealer Viktor Bout),[2][4] despite Antonov having withdrawn the airworthiness certificate and support for the type in 2004, ending legal use of the aircraft.[1] Variants
Antonov OKB in-house designation for the first prototype.[1]
Antonov OKB in-house designation for a projected airliner version with a pressurised circular section cabin accommodating up to 57 passengers.[1]
The initial production version.[1]
(Morskoy – marine) Projected Anti-Submarine Warfare variant.[1]
(Toplivovoz – fuel tanker/carrier) A fuel transporter used for all kinds of automotive fuels, as well as aircraft and rocket fuels, including two 5,300 litre (1,100 imp gal) tanks for petroleum products, or a single 5,000 litre tank for rocket oxidizers like red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), nitric acid, or a liquid oxygen flask.[1]
(Raketnymi Ooskoritelyami – with rocket boosters) One aircraft fitted in 1964 with two rocket boosters to increase the single engined MTOW to 42 tonnes (93,000 lb). This project was abandoned after the crash of the first prototype during trials.[1]
(Shtoormanskiy – for navigators) A projected Navigator trainer.[1]
(Poiskovo-Spasahtel'nyy – search and rescue) A projected maritime search and rescue aircraft.[1]
(probably An-8RR – [samolyet] Radiatsionnyy Razvedchik – radiation intelligence [aircraft]) At least one aircraft modified as a radiation reconnaissance aircraft with two RR8311-100 air sampling pods under the tail gunner's cockpit.[1] Operators
Specifications{{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=[2] |crew= six (pilot, copilot, navigator, flight engineer, tail gunner, wireless operator)[29] |capacity=48 persons |payload main=24,300 lb |payload alt=11,000 kg |length main=85 ft 3 in |length alt=26.0 m |span main=98 ft 5 in |span alt=30.0 m |height main=31 ft 10 in |height alt=9.7 m |area main=117.2 m²[5] |area alt= 1,262 sq ft |airfoil= |aspect ratio=11.7:1[5] |empty weight main= 21,250 kg[5] |empty weight alt= 46,750 lb |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main=40,000 kg |max takeoff weight alt= 88,200 lb |more general= |engine (jet)= |type of jet= |number of jets= |thrust main= |thrust alt= |thrust original= |afterburning thrust main= |afterburning thrust alt= |engine (prop)= Ivchenko AI-20D |type of prop=turboprop |number of props=2 |power main= 5,180 shp |power alt= 3,800 kW |power original= |max speed main=610 km/h |max speed alt=329 knots, 379 mph |cruise speed main=480 km/h |cruise speed alt=259 knots, 298 mph |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main=1,738 mi |range alt=2,780 km |ceiling main= 9,600 m[6] |ceiling alt= 31,400 ft |climb rate main=1,400 ft/m |climb rate alt=427 m/min |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |guns= One 23 mm cannon in the tail turret. |avionics= }} See also{{aircontent|related= |similar aircraft=
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1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Gordon,Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Antonov An-12. Midland. Hinkley. 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-255-9}} 2. ^1 2 Simpson, Rod. "Airlife's World Aircraft". Airlife Publishing Ltd. London. 2001. {{ISBN|1-84037-115-3}} 3. ^Lake 2004, p. 25. 4. ^Lake 2004, pp. 26–27. 5. ^1 2 3 Gunston 1995, p. 23. 6. ^Alexander 1975, p. 31.
External links{{Commons category|Antonov An-8}}
6 : Antonov aircraft|Soviet cargo aircraft 1950–1959|Soviet military transport aircraft 1950–1959|High-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1956|Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft |
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