“2013 in paleontology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A ranunculalean known from a stem with lianoid anatomy. The type specimen is Atli morinii.

A bamboo. The type specimen is Bambusiculmus angustus; genus also includes Bambusiculmus latus.

A possible relative of Bombax. The type specimen is Bombacacioxylon tertiarum.

A member of Rosales belonging or related to the family Moraceae. Genus includes new species C. copiosum.

A member of the family Ebenaceae described on the basis of fossil wood. Originally described as a species of Diospyros; Srivastava et al. (2018) transferred this species to the genus Ebenoxylon.^[6]

A member of the family Bignoniaceae. Genus includes new species G. warmanensis.

A plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of Magnoliaceae–Lauraceae.

An early flowering plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species M. burmensis.

A member of Myrtaceae described on the basis of fossil wood. Genus includes new species M. maomingensis.

A close relative of ranunculalean eudicots. The type specimen is Potomacapnos apeleutheron.

Other seed plants

A member of Coniferales of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type specimen is Bancroftiastrobus digitata.

A seed plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type specimen is Donponoxylon bennettii; genus also contains Donponoxylon jacksonii.

A member of Ginkgoales described on the basis of peduncles furcating into several pedicels. Genus includes new species N. samylinae.

A member of Coniferales belonging to the family Cheirolepidiaceae, a species of Pararaucaria.

A member of Coniferales, possibly a member of the stem group of Pinaceae; a species of Schizolepidopsis.

Other plants

A member of Osmundaceae. Originally described as a species of Ashicaulis; transferred to the genus Millerocaulis by Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2017).^[41]

A member of Bryidae of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type specimen is Bryiidites utahensis.

A moss belonging to the group Dicranales (sensu lato). Genus includes new species C. ucrainicus.

A basal member of Euphyllophytina. The type specimen is Franhueberia gerriennei.

A fern belonging to the family Dipteridaceae. Genus includes new species M. ochotica.

A moss belonging to the order Hypnales. Genus includes new species P. obscurus.

A member of Cyatheales of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type specimen is Yavanna chimaerica.

Cnidarians

A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae. The type species is B. crinisphyllia.

A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the family Polycoeliidae. The type species is F. spitsbergensis; genus also includes "Sochkineophyllum" zavodovskyi Sokolov (1959).^[56]

A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Aulophyllidae. The type species is G. minor; genus also includes G. parvum.

A stony coral belonging to the group Heterocoeniina and the family Elasmocoeniidae. A new genus for "Pseudopistophyllum" quinqueseptatum Turnšek & Buser (1976).

A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Antiphyllidae. The type species is K. pachyseptata.

A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the suborder Aulophyllina. The type species is L. spitsbergensis; genus also includes L. longiseptatum.

A tabulate coral belonging to the order Auloporida and the family Multithecoporidae.

A stony coral belonging to the group Heterocoeniina and the family Elasmocoeniidae. The type species is Pleurodendron prebeticum.

A rugose coral belonging to the order Stauriida and the family Lithostrotionidae.

Arthropods

Bryozoans

A cheilostome bryozoan. Originally described as a species of Charixa; Dick, Sakamoto & Komatsu (2018) transferred this species to the genus Kenocharixa.^[67]

Brachiopods

A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Xenambonitidae. The type species is "Schuchertella" planissima Reed (1915); the subgenus also includes Aegiromena durbenensis Nikitin et al. (1980), "Chonetoidea" obliqua Jin & Chatterton (1997), Aegiromena ultima Havlíček (1967) and Aegiromena urbana Havlíček (1967).

A member of Dalmanelloidea belonging to the family Portranellidae. The type species is B. baoshanensis.

A member of Enteletoidea belonging to the family Schizophoriidae. The type species is C. chunanensis.

A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Eopholidostrophiidae. The type species is Eopholidostrophia (Megapholidostrophia) magnifica; the subgenus might also include Eopholidostrophia mediocostalis (Reed, 1905).

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Eospiriferidae. The type species is Eospirifer praecursor Rong, Zhan & Han (1994).

A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Hedeinopsidae. The type species is I. qarabilensis.

A member of Strophomenida belonging to the group Strophomenoidea and the family Rafinesquinidae.

A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Strophomenidae. The type species is O. plana.

A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Glyptomenidae. The type species is P. globula.

A member of Orthoidea belonging to the new family Pupiaoiidae. The type species is P. pupiaoensis.

A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Rafinesquinidae. The type species is S. elongata.

A pygopid terebratulid. A new genus for "Terebratula" misilmerensis Gemmellaro (1871); genus also contains the new species Sphenope bifida.

A member of Dalmanelloidea belonging to the family Dalmanellidae. The type species is Y. yui.

Molluscs

Echinoderms

An ophiacanthid brittle star. The type species is Alternacantha occulta; genus also includes A. schwermannorum, A. arges and A. dilionessa.^[238]

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is D. leonorae; genus also includes new species D. pattyana and D. carli, as well as "Ophiocten" seeweni Kutscher & Hary (1991).

Triassic (Anisian and Carnian) and Early Jurassic (late Sinemurian to early Pliensbachian)

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is E. hagdorni; genus also includes E. imminens.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is E. paciphila.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is G. teckliformis; genus also includes G. touertensis.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiopholis" trispinosa Hess (1965); genus also includes new species I. hirokoae and I. fuersichi.

A member of Parablastoidea. The type species is Kosachenkoastrus volkhovensis.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is K. mira; genus also includes K. ampla.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is L. hystricarboris; genus also includes L. caeloscopus, L. coreytaylori, L. etteri, L. lukenederi, L. mastodon, L. mathcore, L. wolfii and L. varuna, as well as "Sinosura" fasciata Kutscher & Villier (2003).

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiomyxa" curvata Kutscher & Jagt (2000).

A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Hexacrinitidae.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiacantha" constricta Hess (1966); genus also includes "Ophiacantha" danica Rasmussen (1952) and "Ophiacantha" dorecki Hess (1962), as well as new species O. stans.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. acklesi; genus also includes new species O. irimurai, as well as "Hemieuryale" argoviensis Hess (1966) and "Ophiosmilax" alternatus Kutscher & Jagt (2000).

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. watsoni.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is O. beneficarum; genus also includes O. stevenwilsoni.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is "Ophiurites" crinitus Quenstedt (1876).

A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutellina and the family Protoscutellidae.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is R. dissidens.

A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is S. archetypa.

A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida, possibly a member of the family Myelodactylidae. The type species is Simakocrinus facilis sp. nov (col.); genus also contains Simakocrinus diligens sp. nov (col.).

Conodonts

A gondolellid ozarkodinid. The type species is Acuminatella acuminata; genus also contains Acuminatella angusta.

A replacement name for Muellerina Bardashev & Bardasheva (2012) (preoccupied).

A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Balognathidae. The type species is Notiodella keblon.

A gondolellid ozarkodinid. A new genus for "Epigondolella" primitia Mosher (1970); genus also contains new species Primatella asymmetrica and Primatella conservativa.

Originally described as a possible species of Trapezognathus; subsequently made the type species of a separate genus Zentagnathus.^[127]

Fishes

Amphibians

Research

Newly named temnospondyls

Newly named lepospondyls

Newly named lissamphibians

A relative of the family Pipidae. The type species is Gracilibatrachus avallei.

A close relative of the genus Discoglossus. The type species is Iberobatrachus angelae.

Turtles

Research

Newly named turtles

A cryptodiran closely related to Sandownia. The type species is Brachyopsemys tingitana.

A member of Pan-Cryptodira (the clade containing living cryptodirans and all turtles sharing a more recent common ancestor with them than with pleurodirans), possibly a xinjiangchelyid. The type species is Camerochelys vilanovai.

A member of (likely paraphyletic) group "Macrobaenidae". The type species is Changmachelys bohlini.

A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally considered to be a relative of trionychids; Skutschas et al. (2017) considered it to be either a pan-trionychian (sister taxon to Trionychia) or a pan-carettochelyid.^[160] The type species is Kappachelys okurai.

An araripemydid pleurodiran. The type species is Laganemys tenerensis. Pérez-García (2018) considered this species to be a junior synonym of Taquetochelys decorata.^[162]

A pleurodiran, a member of Podocnemidoidea. The type species is Nostimochelone lampra.

A relative of dermochelyids and protostegids. The type species is Ocepechelon bouyai.

A basal member of Testudinoidea. The type species is Paramongolemys khosatzkyi.

The earliest North American emydid. The type species is Psilosemys wyomingensis.

Thalattosaurs

Ichthyopterygians

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named sauropterygians

A member of Plesiosauroidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement,^[425] possibly a leptocleidid^[183] or an elasmosaurid.^[427] The type species is Gronausaurus wegneri. Sachs, Hornung & Kear (2016) considered it to be a junior synonym of Brancasaurus brancai.^[184]

Newly named rhynchocephalians

Newly named lizards

A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Apsgnathus triptodon.

An anguimorph lizard, possibly a varanoid. The type species is Arcanosaurus ibericus.

An iguanian lizard related to the genus Uromastyx. The type species is Barbaturex morrisoni.

A platynotan lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cemeterius monstrosus.

A member of Anguimorpha related to xenosaurids. The type species is Cnodontosaurus suchockii.

A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade.^[192] The type species is Dakotasaurus gillettorum. The generic name turned out to be preoccupied by Dakotasaurus Branson & Mehl (1932); the lizard genus was subsequently renamed Dakotaseps.^[196]

A member of Polyglyphanodontinae. The type species is Distortodon rhomboideus.

A relative of species belonging to the genus Xenosaurus. Genus contains two species: Entomophontes incrustatus and Entomophontes hutchisoni.

A squamate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Lamiasaura ferox.

A scincomorph lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Lonchisaurus trichurus.

A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade.^[192] The type species is Monocnemodon syphakos.

A polyglyphanodontian lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Obamadon gracilis.

A night lizard. Genus contains two species: Palepidophyma paradisa and Palepidophyma lilliputiana.

A member of Platynota of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Parasaniwa.

An iguanid lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Pariguana lancensis.

A mosasaur related to Russellosaurus and Yaguarasaurus. Genus contains two species: Romeosaurus fumanensis and Romeosaurus sorbinii.

Newly named snakes

An alethinophidian snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cerberophis robustus.

A macrostomatan snake related to caenophidians. The type species is Kataria anisodonta.

Archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs

A non-archosaurian archosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Asperoris mnyama.

Archosaurs

Other reptiles

A diapsid of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a new genus for "Francosuchus" trauthi Huene (1939).

A procolophonoid parareptile, possibly an owenettid. The type species is Ruhuhuaria reiszi.

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

New taxa

A member of Eucynodontia closely related to Ecteninion and Trucidocynodon. The type species is Diegocanis elegans.

A traversodontid cynodont, a new genus for "Scalenodon" hirschsoni Crompton (1972).

Mammals

Other animals

An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a low cap-shaped bilaterally symmetrical conch. The type species is A. rugosa.

A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods), a species of Anomalocaris.

An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a member of Cornulitida. The type species is Cambrocornulitus rarus.

A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Gracilitheca.

A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs).

A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Microconchus.

A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods). The type species is Paranomalocaris multisegmentalis.

A stromatoporoid. Genus contains two species: Quasiaulacera stellata and Q. occidua.

A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is Spinitheca sysoievi.

Other organisms

An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, argued by different authors to be a hydrozoan^[244] or a Caulerpa-like alga.^[245]

References

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151. ^{{cite book |author1=Haiyan Tong |author2=Peter Meylan |year=2013 |chapter=Morphology and relationships of Brachyopsemys tingitana gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Paleocene of Morocco and recognition of the new eucryptodiran turtle family: Sandownidae |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=187–212 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_13}}
152. ^{{Cite journal|author1=A. Pérez-García |author2=X. Murelaga |year=2013 |title=Camerochelys vilanovai gen. et sp. nov., a new pan-cryptodiran turtle in the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Range (Spain) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=41 |pages=143–149 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.002}}
153. ^¹{{Cite journal|author =Saloua Gmira|author2 =France de Lapparent de Broin|author3 =Denis Geraads|author4 =David Lefèvre|author5 =Abderrahim Mohib|author6 =Jean-Paul Raynal|last-author-amp =yes |year=2013 |title=Les tortues du Pliocène d’Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localités mio-pliocènes avoisinantes |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=691–733 |doi=10.5252/g2013n3a9 }}
154. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Donald B. Brinkman |author2=Chong-Xi Yuan |author3=Qiang Ji |author4=Da-Qing Li |author5=Hai-Lu You |year=2013 |title=A new turtle from the Xiagou Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Changma Basin, Gansu Province, P. R. China |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=367–382 |doi=10.1007/s12549-013-0113-0 }}
155. ^{{Cite journal|author =Adam M. Yates |year=2013 |title=A new species of long-necked turtle (Pleurodira: Chelidae: Chelodina) from the late Miocene Alcoota Local Fauna, Northern Territory, Australia |journal=PeerJ |volume=1 |pages=e170 |doi=10.7717/peerj.170 |pmid=24133635 |pmc=3796373}}
156. ^{{Cite journal|author =Gerardo Gabriel Zacarías |author2=Marcelo Saúl de la Fuente |author3=Marta Susana Fernández |author4=Alfredo Eduardo Zurita |year=2013 |title=Nueva especie de tortuga terrestre gigante del género Chelonoidis Fitzinger, 1835 (Cryptodira: Testudinidae), del miembro inferior de la Formación Toropí/ Yupoí (Pleistoceno tardío/ Lujanense), Bella Vista, Corrientes, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=298–318 |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/549 |doi=10.5710/amgh.05.03.2013.549}}
157. ^¹{{Cite journal|author1=Robert E. Weems |author2=Reed A. George |year=2013 |title=Amphibians and nonmarine turtles from the Miocene Calvert Formation of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (USA) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=570–588 |doi=10.1666/12-071 }}
158. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Wilailuck Naksri |author2=Haiyan Tong |author3=Komsorn Lauprasert |author4=Varavudh Suteethorn |author5=Julien Claude |year=2013 |title=A new species of Cuora (Testudines: Geoemydidae) from the Miocene of Thailand and its evolutionary significance |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=150 |issue=5 |pages=908–922 |doi=10.1017/S0016756812001082 }}
159. ^{{cite book |author1=Ren Hirayama |author2=Shinji Isaji |author3=Tsuyoshi Hibino |year=2013 |chapter=Kappachelys okurai gen. et sp. nov., a new stem soft-shelled turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Japan |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=179–185 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_12}}
160. ^{{cite journal |author1=Pavel P. Skutschas |author2=Elizaveta A. Boitsova |author3=Gennady O. Cherepanov |author4=Igor G. Danilov |year=2017 |title=Shell bone histology of the pan-carettochelyid turtle Kizylkumemys schultzi from the Upper Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and shell bone morphology transformations in the evolution of pan-trionychian turtles |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=79 |pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.07.010 }}
161. ^{{cite book |author1=Paul C. Sereno |author2=Sara J. ElShafie |year=2013 |chapter=A new long-necked turtle, Laganemys tenerensis (Pleurodira: Araripemydidae), from the Elrhaz Formation (Aptian–Albian) of Niger |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=215–250 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_14}}
162. ^{{cite journal |author=Adán Pérez-García |year=2018 |title=Identification of the Lower Cretaceous pleurodiran turtle Taquetochelys decorata as the only African araripemydid species |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=in press |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2018.04.004 }}
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164. ^{{cite book |author1=Derek W. Larson |author2=Nicholas R. Longrich |author3=David C. Evans |author4=Michael J. Ryan |year=2013 |chapter=A new species of Neurankylus from the Milk River Formation (Cretaceous: Santonian) of Alberta, Canada, and a revision of the type species N. eximius |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=389–405 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_21}}
165. ^{{cite book |author1=Georgios L. Georgalis |author2=Evangelos Velitzelos |author3=Dimitrios E. Velitzelos |author4=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2013 |chapter=Nostimochelone lampra gen. et sp. nov., an enigmatic new podocnemidoidean turtle from the Early Miocene of northern Greece |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=277–287 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_17}}
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168. ^{{Cite journal|author1=I. G. Danilov |author2=V. B. Sukhanov |year=2013 |title=A new basal testudinoid turtle (Testudinoidea: "Lindholmemydidae") from the Upper Paleocene of Mongolia |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=104–113 |doi=10.1134/S0031030113010036 }}
169. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Lu Li |author2=Haiyan Tong |author3=Kebai Wang |author4=Shuqing Chen |author5=Xing Xu |year=2013 |title=Lindholmemydid turtles (Cryptodira: Testudinoidea) from the Late Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2013.07.003 }}
170. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Haiyan Tong |author2=Donald Brinkman |year=2013 |title=A new species of Sinemys (Testudines: Cryptodira: Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=355–366 |doi=10.1007/s12549-012-0110-8 }}
171. ^{{cite book |author1=Elizabeth T. Smith |author2=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2013 |chapter=Spoochelys ormondea gen. et sp. nov., an Archaic Meiolaniid-Like Turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Lightning Ridge, Australia |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=121–146 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_9}}
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173. ^{{cite book |author =Jason R. Bourque |year=2013 |chapter=Fossil Kinosternidae from the Oligocene and Miocene of Florida, USA |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=459–475 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_25}}
174. ^{{cite book |author1=Donald B. Brinkman |author2=David A. Eberth |author3=Xing Xu |author4=James M. Clark |author5=Xiao-Chun Wu |year=2013 |chapter=Turtles from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin, People's Republic of China, with comments on the basicranial region of basal eucryptodires |editor1=Donald B. Brinkman |editor2=Patricia A. Holroyd |editor3=James D. Gardner |title=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |publisher=Springer |volume= |pages=147–172 |isbn=978-94-007-4308-3 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_10}}
175. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Márton Rabi |author2=Chang-Fu Zhou |author3=Oliver Wings |author4=Sun Ge |author5=Walter G. Joyce |year=2013 |title=A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=13 |pages=Article number 203 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-203 |pmid=24053145 |pmc=3852240}}
176. ^{{cite journal |author=Zhao Li-Jun |author2= Liu Jun |author3=Li Chun |author4=He Tao |year=2013 |title=A new thalattosaur, Concavispina biseridens gen. et sp. nov. from Guanling, Guizhou, China |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201301/P020130131403966569577.pdf |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.2013.01.004 }}
177. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Xiaohong Chen |author2=P. Martin Sander |author3=Long Cheng |author4=Xiaofeng Wang |year=2013 |title=A New Triassic Primitive Ichthyosaur from Yuanan, South China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=672–677 |url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=201303004&flag=1 |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12078}}
178. ^{{cite journal |author=Robin S. Cuthbertson |author2=Anthony P. Russell |author3=Jason S. Anderson |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013 |title=Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichthyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=831–847 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.755989 }}
179. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Valentin Fischer |author2=Robert M. Appleby |author3=Darren Naish |author4=Jeff Liston |author5=James B. Riding |author6=Stephen Brindley |author7=Pascal Godefroit |year=2013 |title=A basal thunnosaurian from Iraq reveals disparate phylogenetic origins for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs |journal=Biology Letters |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=20130021 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2013.0021 |pmid=23676653 |pmc=3730615}}
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182. ^{{cite journal |author=Peggy Vincent |author2=Nathalie Bardet |author3=Emanuela Mattioli |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013 |title=A new pliosaurid from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Normandy (Northern France) |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=471–485 |doi=10.4202/app.2011.0113 }}
183. ^¹{{cite journal |author=Oliver Hampe |year=2013 |title=The forgotten remains of a leptocleidid plesiosaur (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gronau (Münsterland, Westphalia, Germany) |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=473–491 |doi=10.1007/s12542-013-0175-3 }}
184. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=Sven Sachs |author2=Jahn J. Hornung |author3=Benjamin P. Kear |year=2016 |title=Reappraisal of Europe’s most complete Early Cretaceous plesiosaurian: Brancasaurus brancai Wegner, 1914 from the “Wealden facies” of Germany |journal=PeerJ |volume=4 |pages=e2813 |doi=10.7717/peerj.2813 }}
185. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Bruce A. Schumacher |author2=Kenneth Carpenter |author3=Michael J. Everhart |year=2013 |title=A new Cretaceous Pliosaurid (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Carlile Shale (middle Turonian) of Russell County, Kansas |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=613–628 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.722576 }}
186. ^{{cite journal |author=James M. Neenan |author2=Nicole Klein |author3=Torsten M. Scheyer |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013 |title=European origin of placodont marine reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |issue= |pages=1621 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2633 |pmid=23535642}}
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188. ^{{Cite journal|author =Cajus G. Diedrich |year=2013 |title=The marine pachypleurosaur Serpianosaurus germanicus nov. spec. – skeleton and isolated bone remains from the Pelsonian (Middle Triassic) of the European Germanic basin carbonate intertidals and its paleobiology and taphonomy |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=61 |pages=159–168 |url=http://paleo.cortland.edu/globaltriassic2/Bulletin%2061%20Final/14-Diedrich%20%28Serpianosaurus%29.pdf }}
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191. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Jason J. Head |author2=Gregg F. Gunnell |author3=Patricia A. Holroyd |author4=J. Howard Hutchison |author5=Russell L. Ciochon |year=2013 |title=Giant lizards occupied herbivorous mammalian ecospace during the Paleogene greenhouse in Southeast Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=280 |issue=1763 |pages=20130665 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0665 |pmid=23740779 |pmc=3774227}}
192. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite book |author =Randall L. Nydam |year=2013 |chapter=Lizards and Snakes from the Cenomanian through Campanian of Southern Utah: Filling the Gap in the Fossil Record of Squamata from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America |editor1=Alan L. Titus |editor2=Mark A. Loewen |title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume= |pages=370–423 |isbn=978-0-253-00896-1 }}
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204. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Alessandro Palci |author2=Michael W. Caldwell |author3=Cesare A. Papazzoni |year=2013 |title=A new genus and subfamily of mosasaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of northern Italy |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=599–612 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.731024 }}
205. ^{{cite journal |author1=Randall L. Nydam |author2=Daniel J. Chure |author3=Susan E. Evans |year=2013 |title=Schillerosaurus gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Schilleria Evans and Chure, 1999 a junior homonym of Schilleria Dahl, 1907 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3736 |issue=1 |pages=99–100 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03736p100.pdf |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3736.1.6 }}
206. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{Cite journal|author1=Krister T. Smith |author2=Jacques A. Gauthier |year=2013 |title=Early Eocene Lizards of the Wasatch Formation near Bitter Creek, Wyoming: Diversity and Paleoenvironment during an Interval of Global Warming |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=135–230 |doi=10.3374/014.054.0205 }}
207. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Andrej Čerňanský |author2=Mark N. Hutchinson |year=2013 |title=A new large fossil species of Tiliqua (Squamata; Scincidae) from the Pliocene of the Wellington Caves (New South Wales, Australia) |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2012.715326}}
208. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Agustín Scanferla |author2=Hussam Zaher |author3=Fernando E. Novas |author4=Christian de Muizon |author5=Ricardo Céspedes |year=2013 |title=A New Snake Skull from the Paleocene of Bolivia Sheds Light on the Evolution of Macrostomatans |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e57583 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0057583 |pmid=23469206 |pmc=3585969}}
209. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Ştefan Vasile |author2=Zoltán Csiki-Sava |author3=Márton Venczel |year=2013 |title=A new madtsoiid snake from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, western Romania |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1100–1119 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.764882 }}
210. ^{{cite journal |author1=Spencer G. Lucas |author2=Justin A. Spielmann |author3=Adrian P. Hunt |year=2013 |title=A new doswelliid archosauromorph from the Upper Triassic of West Texas |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=61 |pages=382–388 |url=http://paleo.cortland.edu/globaltriassic2/Bulletin%2061%20Final/31-Lucas%20et%20al%20(Ankylosuchus).pdf }}
211. ^{{cite journal |author1=Sterling J. Nesbitt |author2=Richard J. Butler |author3=David J. Gower |year=2013 |title=A New Archosauriform (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic) of Southwestern Tanzania |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e72753 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072753 |pmid=24086264 |pmc=3785487}}
212. ^{{cite journal |author1=Nicholas C. Fraser |author2=Olivier Rieppel |author3=Li Chun |year=2013 |title=A long-snouted protorosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1120–1126 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.764310 }}
213. ^{{cite journal |author1=Rainer R. Schoch |author2=Hans-Dieter Sues |year=2014 |title=A new archosauriform reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=113–131 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2013.781066 }}
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215. ^{{cite journal |author1=Axel Hungerbühler |author2=Bill Mueller |author3=Sankar Chatterjee |author4=Douglas P. Cunningham |year=2013 |title=Cranial anatomy of the Late Triassic phytosaur Machaeroprosopus, with the description of a new species from West Texas |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=103 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–312 |doi=10.1017/S1755691013000364 }}
216. ^{{cite journal |author1=Nicholas Fraser |author2=Heinz Furrer |year=2013 |title=A new species of Macrocnemus from the Middle Triassic of the eastern Swiss Alps |journal=Swiss Journal of Geosciences |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=199–206 |doi=10.1007/s00015-013-0137-5 }}
217. ^{{cite journal |author =Michelle R. Stocker |year=2013 |title=A new taxonomic arrangement for Paleorhinus scurriensis |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=103 |issue=3–4 |pages=251–263 |doi=10.1017/S1755691013000340 }}
218. ^{{cite journal |author=Richard J. Butler |year=2013 |title=‘Francosuchus’ trauthi is not Paleorhinus: implications for Late Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=858–864 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.740542 }}
219. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Linda Akiko Tsuji |author2=Gabriela Sobral |author3=Johannes Müller |year=2013 |title=Ruhuhuaria reiszi, a new procolophonoid reptile from the Triassic Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=12 |issue=7–8 |pages=487–494 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2013.08.002 }}
220. ^{{Cite journal|author =Heidi Fourie |year=2013 |title=The postcranial description of Ictidosuchoides (Therapsida: Therocephalia: Baurioidea) |journal=Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History |volume=3 |pages=1–10 |url=http://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/nfi_ditsong/nfi_ditsong_v3_a1.html }}
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224. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Rui Castanhinha |author2=Ricardo Araújo |author3=Luís C. Júnior |author4=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |author5=Gabriel G. Martins |author6=Rui M. S. Martins |author7=Claudine Chaouiya |author8=Felix Beckmann |author9=Fabian Wilde |year=2013 |title=Bringing Dicynodonts Back to Life: Paleobiology and Anatomy of a New Emydopoid Genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e80974 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080974 |pmid=24324653 |pmc=3852158}}
225. ^{{cite book |author1=David S. Berman |author2=Amy C. Henrici |author3=Stuart S. Sumida |author4=Thomas Martens |author5=Valerie Pelletier |year=2013 |chapter=First European record of a varanodontine (Synapsida: Varanopidae): member of a unique Early Permian upland paleoecosystem, Tambach Basin, central Germany |editor1=Christian F. Kammerer |editor2=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |editor3=Jörg Fröbisch |title=Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida |publisher=Springer |pages=69–86 |isbn=978-94-007-6840-6 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_5 }}
226. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Léa Devaere |author2=Sébastien Clausen |author3=Michael Steiner |author4=J. Javier Álvaro |author5=Daniel Vachard |year=2013 |title=Chronostratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of an early Cambrian microfauna from the Heraultia Limestone, northern Montagne Noire, France |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=Article number 16.2.17A |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/298-french-cambrian-microfauna }}
227. ^¹{{Cite journal|author1=YuanYuan Wang |author2=DiYing Huang |author3=ShiXue Hu |year=2013 |title=New anomalocardid frontal appendages from the Guanshan biota, eastern Yunnan |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=32 |pages=3937–3942 |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5908-x }}
228. ^{{Cite journal|author =Xianfeng Yang |author2=Olev Vinn |author2-link=Olev Vinn |author3=Xianguang Hou |author4=Xinglei Tian |year=2013 |title=New tubicolous problematic fossil with some "lophophorate" affinities from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota in south China |journal=GFF |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=184–190 |doi=10.1080/11035897.2013.801035 }}
229. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Günter Schweigert |author2=Gerd Dietl |year=2013 |title=A questionable pterobranch from the Upper Jurassic Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (SW Germany) |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=270 |issue=1 |pages=83–90 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0361 }}
230. ^¹{{Cite journal|author1=Jie Yang |author2=Javier Ortega-Hernández |author3=Nicholas J. Butterfield |author4=Xi-guang Zhang |author5=Daniel Vachard |year=2013 |title=Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods |journal=Nature |volume=494 |issue=7438 |pages=468–471 |doi=10.1038/nature11874 }}
231. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Sean P. Robson |author2=Graham A. Young |year=2013 |title=Late Ordovician conulariids from Manitoba, Canada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1666/12-0370 }}
232. ^¹{{Cite journal|author1=Martin Valent |author2=Oldřich Fatka |year=2013 |title=Gracilitheca astronauta n. sp. and Nephrotheca sophia n. sp. (Hyolitha, Orthothecida) from the Cambrian of Czech Republic |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=207–216 |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2013.03.002 }}
233. ^¹²{{Cite journal|author1=Martin Valent |author2=Oldřich Fatka |author3=Ladislav Marek |year=2013 |title=Gracilitheca and Nephrotheca (Hyolitha, Orthothecida) in the Cambrian of the Barrandian area, Czech Republic |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=115–124 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2012.709446 }}
234. ^¹{{Cite journal|author1=Baichuan Duan |author2=Xiping Dong |year=2013 |title=Furongian (Late Cambrian) palaeoscolecid cuticles from Hunan Province, South China: the growth impact on the worm cuticle |journal=Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=591–602 |doi=10.13209/j.0479-8023.2013.083 |url=http://xbna.pku.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2520.shtml }}
235. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Michał Zatoń |author2=Robert L. Peck |year=2013 |title=Morphology and palaeoecology of new, non-marine microconchid tubeworm from Lower Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian) of West Virginia, USA |journal=Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |url=http://www.asgp.pl/83_1_037_050 }}
236. ^{{Cite journal|author =Michał Zatoń |author2=Paul D. Taylor |author3=Olev Vinn |author3-link=Olev Vinn |year=2013 |title=Early Triassic (Spathian) Post-Extinction Microconchids from Western Pangea |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=159–165 |doi=10.1666/12-060R.1 }}
237. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Yuandong Zhang |author2=Junxuan Fan |author3=Yi Wang |author4=Yanyan Song |author5=Junfeng Cheng |year=2013 |title=Amid Telychian (Llandovery) graptolite fauna from Mojiang, Yunnan province, southwestern China |journal=Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists |volume=44 |pages=123–142 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=347936028319244;res=IELNZC }}
238. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Gregor Barth |author2=Heinz W. Kozur |author3=Matthias Franz |author4=Robert E. Weems |year=2013 |title=Paraconularia bachmanni n. sp. from the Germanic Upper Triassic, the first fresh-water occurrence of a conulariid |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=61 |pages=42–47 |url=http://paleo.cortland.edu/globaltriassic2/Bulletin%2061%20Final/07-Barth%20et%20al%20%28Conulariid%29.pdf }}
239. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Andrzej Pisera |author2=Peter A. Siver |author3=Alexander P. Wolfe |year=2013 |title=A first account of freshwater potamolepid sponges (Demospongiae, Spongillina, Potamolepidae) from the Middle Eocene: Biogeographic and paleoclimatic implications |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=373–378 |doi=10.1666/12-079.1 }}
240. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Paul Copper |author2=Carl W. Stock |author3=Jisuo Jin |year=2013 |title=Quasiaulacera, a new Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) aulaceratid stromatoporoid genus from Anticosti Island, Canada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=664–676 |doi=10.1666/12-150 }}
241. ^{{Cite journal|author =N. V. Novozhilova |year=2013 |title=Spinitheca gen. nov.—A new orthothecimorph hyolith genus from the Lower Cambrian of the Siberian platform |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=136–138 |doi=10.1134/S0031030113020081 }}
242. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Diego C. García-Bellido |author2=John R. Paterson |author3=Gregory D. Edgecombe |year=2013 |title=Cambrian palaeoscolecids (Cycloneuralia) from Gondwana and reappraisal of species assigned to Palaeoscolex |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=780–795 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.002 }}
243. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Kelly K. S. Matsunaga |author2=Ruth A. Stockey |author3=Alexandru M. F. Tomescu |year=2013 |title=Honeggeriella complexa gen. et sp. nov., a heteromerous lichen from the Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=450–459 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1200470 |pmid=23316074}}
244. ^¹²³{{Cite journal|author1=A. D. Muscente |author2=Warren D. Allmon |year=2013 |title=Revision of the hydroid Plumalina Hall, 1858 in the Silurian and Devonian of New York |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=710–725 |doi=10.1666/12-125 }}
245. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=Jerzy Dzik |author2=Andrzej Baliński |author3=Yuanlin Sun |year=2016 |title=An Early Ordovician clonal organism from China with a zig-zagged suture on branches |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=319–329 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1575 }}

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Cnidarians

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Fishes

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Research

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Newly named lepospondyls

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Newly named turtles

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Newly named sauropterygians

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References