“Acehnese phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Acehnese phonology

释义

Vowels
Oral vowels Nasal vowels
Consonants
Sound-spelling correspondences
Notes
References

{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2019}}{{Short description|Language phonology}}{{EngvarB|date=February 2019}}{{IPA notice}}Acehnese has a large vowel inventory, with ten oral monophthong vowels,^[1] twelve oral diphthongs,^[2] seven nasal monophthong vowels,^[3] and five nasal diphthongs.^[4]

Vowels

Native-speaking linguists divide vowels in Acehnese into several categories: oral monophthongs, oral diphthongs (which are further divided into the ones ending with /ə/ and with /i/), nasal monophthongs, and nasal diphthongs.^[5]

Oral vowels

Oral monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.^[6]


Close	{{IPAlink\|i}}	{{IPAlink\|ɯ}}	{{IPAlink\|u}}
Close-mid	{{IPAlink\|e}}	{{IPAlink\|ə}}	{{IPAlink\|o}}
Open-mid	{{IPAlink\|ɛ}}	{{IPAlink\|ʌ}}	{{IPAlink\|ɔ}}
Open		{{IPAlink\|a}}

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /ə/ are shown in the table below.^[7]


/iə/	/ɯə/	/uə/
/ɛə/	/ʌə/	/ɔə/

Oral diphthong vowels ending with /i/ are shown in the table below.^[8]


	/ui/
/əi/	/oi/
/ʌi/	/ɔi/
/ai/

Nasal vowels

Nasal monophthong vowels in Acehnese are shown in the table below.^[9]


Close	{{IPAlink\|ĩ}}	{{IPAlink\|ɯ̃}}	{{IPAlink\|ũ}}
Open-mid	{{IPAlink\|ɛ̃}}	ʌ̃	{{IPAlink\|ɔ̃}}
Open		{{IPAlink\|ã}}

Consonants

The table below shows the Acehnese consonant phonemes and the range of their realizations.^[10]


Labial		Labio- dental			Post- alveolar			Velar		Glottal
Stop	{{IPAlink\|p}}	{{IPAlink\|b}}		{{IPAlink\|t}}	{{IPAlink\|d}}		{{IPAlink\|c}}	{{IPAlink\|ɟ}}	{{IPAlink\|k}}	{{IPAlink\|ɡ}}	{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}
Nasal		{{IPAlink\|m}}			{{IPAlink\|n}}			{{IPAlink\|ɲ}}		{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}
Incomplete nasal		mb			nd			ɲɟ		ŋɡ
Trill					{{IPAlink\|r}}
Fricative			{{IPAlink\|f}}	{{IPAlink\|s}}	{{IPAlink\|z}}	{{IPAlink\|ʃ}}					{{IPAlink\|h}}
Approximant (Lateral)								{{IPAlink\|j}}		{{IPAlink\|w}}
Approximant (Lateral)					{{IPAlink\|l}}

Notes:

Syllable-final k always represents /ʔ/ save in certain recent loans
/f/, /z/, and /ʃ/ are borrowed sounds, and are often replaced by /ph/, /dh/, and /ch/ respectively
/mb/, /nd/, /ɲɟ/, and /ŋɡ/ are also known as "funny nasals"^[11]

Sound-spelling correspondences

In addition to the modern 26 letter basic Latin alphabet, Acehnese uses the supplementary letters è, é, ë, ô, and ö, making a total of 31 letters in its orthography.

Vowels
Grapheme	Phoneme (IPA)	Open syllable	Closed syllable
a	/a/	ba /ba/ ‘carry’	bak /baʔ/ ‘at, tree’
e	/ə/	le /lə/ ‘many’	let /lət/ ‘pull out’
é	/e/	baté /bate/ ‘cup, betel tray’	baték /bateʔ/ ‘batik’
è	/ɛ/	bè /bɛ/ ‘smell’	bèk /bɛʔ/ ‘prohibitive "don't" (e.g. bèk neupajôh boh gantang teucrôh lôn 'don't you eat my fries')'
ë	/ə/	huë /huə/ ‘pull’	huëk /huəʔ/ ‘choke’
eu	/ɯ/	keu /kɯ/ ‘front’	keuh /kɯh/ ‘so (e.g. nyan keuh), pronominal affix for second person (e.g. droe-keuh)’
i	/i/	di /di/ 'in, from'	dit /dit/ 'few, small amount'
o	/ɔ/	yo /jɔ/ ‘afraid’	yok /jɔʔ/ ‘shake’
ô	/o/	rô /ro/ ‘spill’	rôh /roh/ ‘enter’
ö	/ʌ/	pö /pʌ/ ‘fly’	pöt /pʌt/ ‘pluck, pick’
u	/u/	su /su/ ‘sound, voice’	sut /sut/ ‘remove, detach’

Notes:

ë is used only for diphthongs ending with /ə/

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1030}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|pp=17–18}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1032}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1032}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|pp=17–18}}
6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|pp=17–18}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1031}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|pp=17–18}}
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pillai|Yusuf|2012|p=1033}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1987|p=17}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=3}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Asyik|1982|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Lawler|1977}}

References

{{Citation

|last=Pillai
|first=Stefanie
|last2=Yusuf
|first2=Yunisrina Qismullah
|year=2012
|title=An instrumental analysis of acehnese oral vowels
|journal=Language and Linguistics
|volume=13
|issue=6
|pages=1029–1050
|url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_6_01_6901.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Asyik
|first=Abdul Gani
|title=The agreement system in Acehnese
|year=1982
|journal=Mon–Khmer Studies
|volume=11
|pages=1–33
|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H8oiewmw?url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf
|archivedate=2013-06-05
|df=
}}

2 : Acehnese language|Language phonologies

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