| 释义 |
- Astronomy
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- History of science and technology
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{{Year nav topic5|1934|science}}The year 1934 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- Richard Tolman shows that black-body radiation in an expanding universe cools but remains thermal.
- Georges Lemaître interprets the cosmological constant as due to a vacuum energy with an unusual perfect fluid equation of state.
Chemistry- The Mulliken scale of chemical element electronegativity is developed by Robert S. Mulliken.
- Norman Haworth and Edmund Hirst report the first synthesis of vitamin C.[1]
- J. D. Bernal and Dorothy Crowfoot first successfully apply the technique of X-ray crystallography to analysis of a biological substance, pepsin.[2]
- The first commercial heavy water plant is built at Vemork in Norway; production also starts this year at Dnepropetrovsk in the Soviet Union.
History of science and technology- Lewis Mumford publishes Technics and Civilization.
- The Iron Bridge in Shropshire, dating from the Industrial Revolution period, becomes an officially scheduled monument in England.
Mathematics- Penrose triangle devised.
Physics- Sonoluminescence is discovered at the University of Cologne.
- Gregory Breit and John A. Wheeler describe the Breit–Wheeler process.
Physiology and medicine- March 8 – Sodium thiopental, the first intravenous anesthetic, synthesized by Ernest H. Volwiler with Donalee L. Tabern of Abbott Laboratories,[3] is first administered to human subjects.
- Outbreak of "atypical poliomyelitis", strongly resembling what would later be called chronic fatigue syndrome, affects a large number of medical staff at the Los Angeles County Hospital.[4]
- George de Hevesy uses heavy water in one of the first biological tracer experiments, to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body.[5]
- Austrian biochemist Regina Kapeller-Adler develops an innovative early pregnancy test based on the presence of histidine in urine.
- Tudor Thomas' work on corneal grafting restores the sight of a man who had been nearly blind for 27 years.
Technology- April 3 – Percy Shaw patents the cat's eye road-safety device in Britain.[6]
- April 18 – Citroën Traction Avant introduced, the world's first front-wheel drive monocoque (welded steel unit body) production automobile, designed by André Lefèbvre and Flaminio Bertoni.
- April 24 – Laurens Hammond patents the Hammond organ in the United States.[7]
- The 135 film cartridge is introduced in Germany and the United States with the Kodak Retina camera, making 35mm film easy to use.
- The first commercial electronic television sets with cathode ray tubes are manufactured by Telefunken in Germany.
Publications- Samuel C. Bradford proposes Bradford's law of scattering, an example of Pareto distribution applicable in the bibliometrics of scientific literature and beyond.[8]
- Karl Popper publishes Logik der Forschung.
Awards- Nobel Prize
- Physics: not awarded
- Chemistry: Harold Clayton Urey
- Physiology or Medicine: George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
Births- March 5 – Daniel Kahneman, Israeli-American psychologist, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
- March 9 – Yuri Gagarin (died 1968), Russian cosmonaut, the first man in space.
- March 14 – Eugene Cernan (died 2017), American astronaut, the last man to walk on the moon for at least 45 years.
- March 23 – Ludvig Faddeev (died 2017), Russian mathematician and theoretical physicist.
- March 31 – Carlo Rubbia, Italian winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- April 2 – Paul Cohen (died 2007), American mathematician, winner of the Fields Medal.
- April 3 – Jane Goodall, English primatologist.
- May 23 – Robert Moog (died 2005), American pioneer of electronic music.
- July 7 – Robert McNeill Alexander (died 2016), British zoologist, authority on animal locomotion.
- September 21 – David J. Thouless, Scottish-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- November 9 – Carl Sagan (died 1996), American astronomer.
- November 27 – Gilbert Strang, American mathematician.
- Willie Hobbs Moore (died 1994), African American engineer.
Deaths- January 6 – Fernand Lataste (born 1847), French zoologist.
- January 29 – Fritz Haber (born 1868), German chemist.
- February 25 – Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (born 1858), American botanist.
- April 10 – Cecilia Grierson (born 1859), Argentine physician and reformer.
- April 21 – Carsten Borchgrevink (born 1864), Norwegian Antarctic explorer.
- July 4 – Marie Curie (born 1867), Polish-born French physicist.
- October 17 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal (born 1852), Spanish winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- September 27 – Ellen Willmott (born 1858), English horticulturist.
- November 16 – Carl von Linde (born 1842), German refrigeration engineer.
- November 20 – Willem de Sitter (born 1872), Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
- William Hoskins (born 1862), American inventor.
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Michael B.|last2=Austin|first2=John|last3=Partridge|first3=David A.|title=Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=London|year=1991|page=48|isbn=978-0-85186-333-7}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hodgkin.html|title=Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, OM|accessdate=2012-01-13}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Tabern|first1=D. L.|last2=Volwiler|first2=E. H.|title=Sulfur-containing barbiturate hypnotics|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=57|issue=10|pages=1961–3|year=1935|doi=10.1021/ja01313a062}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Patarca-Montero|first=R.|title=Medical Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Chronic Fatigue and Malaise|publisher=Haworth Press|location=New York|year=2004|pages=6–7|isbn=978-0-7890-2196-0}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=de Hevesy|first1=G.|last2=Hofer|first2=E.|year=1934|title=Die vermeilzeit der Wasser in menschlischen Körper, untersucht mit hilfe von "shwerem" Wasser als Indikator|journal=Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=13|page=1524}}
6. ^{{cite book|editor=Challoner, Jack|title=1001 Inventions That Changed the World|location=London|publisher=Cassell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84403-611-0|pages=634–5}}
7. ^{{US patent reference|number=1956350|y=1934|m=04|d=24|inventor=Laurens Hammond|title=Electrical Musical Instrument}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Bradford|first=Samuel C.|title=Sources of Information on Specific Subjects|journal=Engineering|volume=137|date=1934-01-26|pages=85–86}}
3 : 1934 in science|20th century in science|1930s in science |