1. Operation
    Preparation  Assault 

2. Legal actions

3. Commemoration

4. References

Operation Chavín de Huántar was a military operation in which a team of one hundred and forty-two commandos of the Peruvian Armed Forces ended the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis by raiding the Japanese ambassador's residence and freeing the hostages held there by the terrorist organization Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) being considered one of the most successful hostage rescues in the world.

Operation

Preparation

The name Chavín de Huántar was chosen for the operation because to make the incursion possible, tunnels were to be dug under the ambassador's residence from adjacent buildings. Chavín de Huántar is an archeological site in the central highlands of Peru which is famous for its underground passageways.^[1]

It is said that President Alberto Fujimori himself came up with the name.

The rescue operation was prepared and exercised in an exact replica of the residence located at the nearby Chorrillos Military School;^[1] there the commandos practiced every detail of the operation, including the weight of the explosion to be used to open the floor of the embassy.

Key to the operation was the intelligence provided by Antonio Ibarcena, admiral of the Peruvian Navy at the time and former commander of a special operations group. He received and distributed hundreds of bugged items in the building and himself communicated by radio with the Peruvian military.

Assault

During the course of the assault on 22 April 1997, two commandos, one hostage, and all fourteen of the rebels died. The success of the operation was tainted by subsequent claims, backed by several witnesses, that at least three and possibly eight of the rebels had been summarily executed by the commandos after surrendering. There are also rumours that Vladimiro Montesinos, Chief of Military Intelligence, ordered the execution of the only dead hostage, Carlos Guisti and Francisco Tudela who were political rivals of Alberto Fujimori.^[2]

Legal actions

In 2002, the case was taken up by public prosecutors, but the Peruvian Supreme Court ruled that the military tribunals had jurisdiction. A military court later absolved them of guilt, and the "Chavín de Huántar" soldiers led the 2004 military parade. In response, MRTA family members filed suit in 2003 at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH) accusing the Peruvian state of human rights violations, namely that the MRTA rebels had been denied "right to life, the right to judicial guarantees and the right to judicial protection". The CIDH accepted the case and is currently studying it.^[3]

Commemoration

On April 19, 2017 the Peruvian president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, awarded the Military Order of Ayacucho in the Grade of Grand Cross to the banner of Chavin de Huantar military Command, according to the Supreme Resolution N° 031-2017-DE.^[6] On April 21, 2017 was enacted the Law N° 30554, given by Peruvian Congress, which proclaimed Chavin de Huantar commandos as "Heroes of Democracy".^[7]

References

• Plenum Publishing Corporation
• Plenum spaces
• Pleochaeta
• Pleochroic halos
• Pleocryptospora
• Pleograph
• Pleogynopteryx
• Pleomassaria
• Pleomassariaceae
• Pleomassaria siparia
• Pleomele (genus)
• Pleomele halaapepe
• Pleomeliola
• Pleomeliola fenestrata
• Pleomelogramma
• Pleomerium
• Pleomerium fuscoviridescens
• Pleomorphic fibroma
• Pleomorphic lipoma
• Pleomorphic peripheral T cell lymphoma
• Pleomorphic small/medium-sized cell cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
• Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
• Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
• Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
• P. Leonardo Mascheroni