1. Autonomy

2. Structure

3. Persecution
    International reactions 

4. See also

5. References

6. Literature

7. External links

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (OOA; Serbian and {{lang-mk|Православна охридска архиепископија (ПОА)}}, Pravoslavna ohridska arhiepiskopija (POA)) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox Archbishopric with canonical jurisdiction over the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia. It is the only canonical Eastern Orthodox Church in the Republic of Macedonia and is in full communion with all other Eastern Orthodox Churches.

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric has been refused registration by the Macedonian State Religion Commission on the grounds that one group may be registered for each confession and that the name was not sufficiently distinct from that of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC).^[1] MOC is recognized by the State Religion Commission but not by any other Orthodox churches, which consider its unilateral 1967 declaration of autocephaly a breach of canon law.

The Archbishopric claims inheritance from the Ohrid Archbishopric of Justiniana prima and all Bulgaria ({{small|{{lang-bg|Охридска Архиепископиия на Юстинияна първа и цяла България}}, {{lang-gr|Αρχιεπίσκοπος της πρωτης 'Ιουστινιανης και πάσης Βουλγαριας}}}}), founded in 1019, by Basil II.^[2]

Autonomy

In attempt to restore its canonical status and gain recognition from the Orthodox churches, the Macedonian Orthodox Church negotiated with the Serbian Orthodox Church, and these negotiations led to an eventual agreement signed in Niš in June 2002, thus known as the Niš Agreement.^[3] The agreement was signed by all bishops of both delegations. However, the bishops of the delegations of the Macedonian Orthodox Church were exposed to severe criticism for signing this agreement, and although they attempted to defend it for a short time,^[4] the Synod of the MOC rejected the agreement.

The Serbian Patriarch then summoned all bishops, clergy, monastics and faithful people to enter in liturgical and canonical unity with the Serbian Orthodox Church. Jovan Vraniskovski, Metropolitan of Veles and Povardarie, and all priests of Veles agreed to respond to this call, and all signed a document of agreement.^[5]

On 23 September 2002, Metr. Jovan was appointed Exarch of all the territories of the Ohrid Archdiocese by the Assembly of the Serbian Orthodox Church. On 25 December 2003, he was elected Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, after it had been constituted.^[6]

On 24 May 2005, he was confirmed by Serbian Patriarch as Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje in accordance with the Niš Agreement. On the same day, there was an announcement of the Patriarchal and the Assembly's Tomos for Autonomy of the Ohrid Archbishopric,^[7] with Archbishop Jovan as the Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops.^[8]

Structure

As of 2005, the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is headed by Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid. He presides over the Holy Synod of Hierarchs of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, consisting of the archbishop and 3 bishops.

Dioceses on the territory of Republic of Macedonia:

1. Metropolitanate of Skopje, an Archdiocese, headed by Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid;
2. Eparchy of Prespa and Pelagonia, vacant;
3. Eparchy of Bregalnica, headed by Bishop Marko;
4. Eparchy of Debar and Kičevo, vacant;
5. Eparchy of Polog and Kumanovo, headed by Bishop Joakim;
6. Eparchy of Veles and Povardarie (Vardar), vacant;
7. Eparchy of Strumica, vacant;

The Holy Synod of bishops was constituted on 23 December 2003 in the monastery of Saint John Chrysostom. The current members of the Synod are:

• Archbishop Jovan (Vranišovski) of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje; locum tenens of Veles and Povardarie.
• Bishop Joakim (Jovčevski) of Polog and Kumanovo; locum tenens of Debar and Kičevo.
• Bishop Marko (Kimev) of Bregalnica; locum tenens of Prespa and Pelagonia.
• Vicar bishop David (Ninov) of Stobi; locum tenens of Strumica.

The Archbishopric uses Church Slavonic language.

Persecution

Upon entering in the canonical and ecclesiastical unity with the Serbian Orthodox Church, and through that with the whole community of Orthodox Churches, Archbishop Jovan was expelled by the police, without a court order, from his residence and cathedra in Veles on 7 July 2002. In the same manner, illegally and without a court order, the monks of four monasteries, were expelled from their monasteries, i.e. homes, in January 2004, immediately after joining the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric.^[9][10] A fifth monastery, Saint John Chrysostom in the village Nižepole near Bitola, was broken into by armed and masked men, who not finding the Archbishop Jovan they were after, harassed and threatened the nuns with machine-guns, cut their hair and set the monastery on fire, in February 2004.^[11][12]

Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric buildings were raided by the police.^[13][14] The Church in the Saint John Chrysostom monastery was demolished by the state authorities on 15 October 2004.^[15] The chapel St. Nectarios of Aegina, after being broken into and vandalized on several occasions, was at the end completely demolished on 12 July 2005. The priest who served at that chapel, Fr. Borjan Vitanov, was beaten up twice.^[14] Additional complaints of harassment have been reported.^[14]

Archbishop Jovan was sentenced to 18 months of prison in June 2005 for Instigation of ethnic, racial and religious hatred, discord and intolerance. The verdict stated the conviction relied on these three points:^[16]

1. he wrote a text in a religious calendar in which he slanders the Macedonian Orthodox Church
2. he agreed to be appointed as an Exarch of the Ohrid Archbishopric in Macedonia and participated in the ordination of the bishops Joakim (Jovčevski) and Marko (Kimev) and
3. he officiated at a religious service in an apartment owned by his parents.

He served 220 days in prison before the Supreme court declared the last two of the three points to be unconstitutional and his sentence was shortened to 8 months.^[17] Archbishop Jovan was sentenced for the second time, on charges for Embezzlement, and as a second defendant was sentenced to a higher prison term of 2 years than the first defendant (who was sentenced 1 year and 3 months) in 2006. He served 256 days before being released.^[18]

The declaratively secular state legalized its identification with a specific religious community Macedonian Orthodox Church, through the Parliament’s "Declaration for support of the autocephaly of the MOC" reached on 23 January 2004.^[19][20] The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is denied registration by the state authorities.^[21][22][23] Canonical Orthodox clergy are not allowed to enter the country.^[24][25][26]

International reactions

• The United States Department of State constantly includes in its "Religious Freedom Report" and "Human Rights Report" information regarding the restrictions of the religious freedoms of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, existence of religious prisoners, violation of freedom of movement, police terror and demolition of a monastery, prevention of OSCE from obtaining a copy of the decision upon which the demolition was carried out, police interrogations of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric etc.,^{[27][28][29][30][31]}
• The US Mission to the OSCE warned of Violation of freedom of religion and encouraged the authorities to apply the law fairly, advising the government should avoid involving in religious disputes, reminding that Article Nine of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 19 of the Macedonian Constitution as well as Macedonia’s OSCE commitments, and international norms, all guarantee his right to freedom of religion.^[32]
• The European Commission pointed out that cases of violations of religious freedom exist and emphasized that the new law should provide more liberal procedure for registering religious communities.^[33]
• Amnesty International declared the Archbishop Jovan a Prisoner of conscience.^[34]
• Freedom House reported that Archbishop Jovan has been arrested ... for his ties to the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[35] In Freedom House's publications Macedonia received a downward trend arrow due to ... an increase in the harassment of leaders of various religious groups.^[36]
• The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights constantly reports about the violation of the religious freedoms and human rights of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric: The violation of several basic rights was the result of activities of a number of state institutions (especially the Ministry of the Interior) directed against not only the followers (monks of the MOC who were supporting Vraniskovski), but also against citizens who approve of him or had compassionate sentiments or attitude towards them. This can be illustrated by the following: problems upon entry and exit from the state, threats, police detention, lawsuits against citizens who have provided housing for the outcast monks, police ban in the exercise of the right to residence,^[37][38][39] etc.
• Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe reported about the imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan, finding that Macedonian officials, in response to the ecclesiastical dispute concerning the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, have over-reacted and that the 18-month prison term sentence is excessive and unjustified. Regarding the case of the destruction of the chapel, the report states that The government, at least, must exhibit more restraint and end these harassments, and also pay reparations for the destroyed buildings. The report also covers the religious freedom governing legal framework, finding it ambiguous, and further stating that Since religious groups are required to register, the lack of a clear mechanism can be problematic.^[40]
• Forum 18 reports that New Religion Law perpetuates discrimination^[41]
• Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople sent a letter to the Prime Minister of Macedonia requesting immediate release of Archbishop Jovan.^[42][43]
• Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow sent a letter to the President of Macedonia demanding immediate release of the Archbishop Jovan.^[44]
• Holy Synod Of Hierarchs Of The Church of Greece expressed a severe protest for an emergent release of Archbishop Jovan from prison, and for respect of religious freedom in the Republic of Macedonia.^[45]
• The Holy Community of the Mount Athos sent a letter of support to the Archbishop Jovan, signed by all Representatives and Abbots who are in the common Assembly of the twenty Holy Monasteries of the Holy Mount Athos.^[46]
• The Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas Condemned the Imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan by Macedonia and asked for his release.^[47]
• Metropolitan Herman of the Orthodox Church in America called for release of Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid.^[48]

See also

• Archbishopric of Ohrid
• Archbishop of Ohrid
• List of Eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church

References

Literature

• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Slijepčević|first=Đoko M.|title=The Macedonian Question: The Struggle for Southern Serbia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi0xAAAAIAAJ|year=1958|location=Chicago|publisher=The American Institute for Balkan Affairs}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Слијепчевић|first=Ђоко М.|title=Македонско црквено питање|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzQcAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|location=Минхен|publisher=Искра}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Слијепчевић|first=Ђоко М.|title=Историја Српске православне цркве|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7NrAAAAIAAJ|volume=књ. 3|year=1986|location=Келн|publisher=Искра}}
• {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Пузовић|first=Предраг|title=Раскол у Српској православној цркви - македонско црквено питање (The Rift in the Serbian Orthodox Church - The Macedonian Church Issue)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2lpAAAAMAAJ|journal=Вардарски зборник|issue=1|year=1999|pages=155–173}}

External links

• Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric official page
• SOC (2004): Statement of the Orthodox Archbishopric of Ochrid
• Forum 18
• Institute for War and Peace Reporting
• FreeArchbishop.com
• Ecumenical Patriarchate
• Patriarchia.ru
• Church of Greece
• The Orthodox Word

• Khanasor
• "Khanasora" Vartan Mehrpanian
• Khanasor Expedition
• Khanaspur
• Khanata
• Khanate
• Khanate of Baku
• Khanate of Bukhara
• Khanate of Chagatai
• Khanate of Kalat
• Khanate of Khiva
• Khanate of Nakhichevan
• Khanate of Quqon
• Khanate of Siberia
• Khanates of the Caucasus
• Khanauri
• Khan Baba Motazedi
• Khan bahadur
• Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla
• Khan Bahadur Sher Jang
• Khanbaligh
• Khan (band)
• Khan Barakzay
• Khanbogd, Ömnögovi
• Khan Bonfils