| 词条 | Palatal click | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Not to be confused with the alveolar clicks. Unicode uses the obsolete description "alveolar click" for the palatal-click letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ǂ}}}}.{{Infobox IPA |above={{nowrap|Palatal click}} (plain) |ipa symbol=ǂ |ipa symbol2= ʃ = |ipa-number=179|decimal=450 |ipa-image=Palatal click.svg |imagesize=50x50px |xsampa==\\ |kirshenbaum=c![1] |braille=and |braille2=wh }}{{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced palatal click |ipa symbol=ǂ̬ |ipa symbol2=ᶢǂ |kirshenbaum=J! |showbelow=no }}{{Infobox IPA |above=Palatal nasal click |ipa symbol=ǂ̃ |ipa symbol2=ᵑǂ |kirshenbaum=n^! |showbelow=no }} The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound than those consonants. The tongue makes an extremely broad contact across the roof of the mouth, making a determination of their place of articulation difficult, but Ladefoged & Traill (1984:18) find that the primary place of articulation is the palate, and say that "there is no doubt that {{IPA|[ǂ]}} should be described as a palatal sound". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ǂ}}}}, a double-barred vertical bar. An older variant, the double-barred esh, {{angle bracket| In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet. Nama and most Saan languages use the former. Conventions for the latter include multigraphs based on {{angle bracket|ç}} in Juǀʼhoansi (1987 orthography) and originally in Naro, the latter since changed to {{angle bracket|tc}}, and on {{angle bracket|qc}}. In the 19th century, {{angle bracket|v}} was sometimes used (see click letters); this might be the source of the Doke letter for the voiceless palatal click, {{angle bracket|ↆ}}, apparently a v over-struck with a vertical bar.
FeaturesFeatures of palato-alveolar clicks: {{click manner}}
OccurrencePalatal clicks only occur in the southern African Khoisan languages (the Khoe, Kx'a, and Tuu families), where they are extremely common, and in Bantu languages such as Yeyi, Zulu and Xhosa.
Fricated palatal clicks{{Infobox IPA|above=Fricated palatal click|ipa symbol=ǃ͡s |ipa symbol2=ǂᶴ |ipa symbol3= ʃ =(⨎) |kirshenbaum= |showbelow=no }}Ekoka !Kung has a series of laminal postalveolar-to-palatal clicks with a noisy, fricated release which derive historically from more prototypical palatal clicks. These have been variously described as fricated alveolar clicks and (inaccurately) as retroflex clicks. Unlike typical palatal clicks, which have a sharp, abrupt release, these have a slow, turbulent anterior release that sounds much like a short inhaled {{IPAblink|ʃ}}; they also have a domed tongue rather than a flat tongue like a typical palatal click.{{cn|date=October 2015}} [also said to be lateral] Like the clicks they derive from, they do not have the retracted tongue root and back-vowel constraint typical of alveolar clicks. A provisional transcription for the tenuis click is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ǃ͡s}}}}, though this misleadingly suggests that the clicks are affricates.[2] Another proposal is to resurrect the old ʃ-like letter for palatal clicks, {{angle bracket|⨎}}. See also
References1. ^Kirshenbaum assigned {{angle bracket|c!}} to IPA {{angle bracket|ʗ}}, which he used indifferently for both alveolar {{angle bracket|ǃ}} and palatal {{angle bracket|ǂ}} clicks. {{IPA navigation}}Palatoalveolarer Klick2. ^Miller, Holliday, Howcroft, Phillips, Smith, Tsui, & Scott. 2011. "The Phonetics of the Modern-day reflexes of the Proto‐palatal click in Juu languages". In A concise dictionary of northwestern ǃXun (2008), König & Heine transcribe them {{angle bracket|‼}}, which is elsewhere used for the retroflex clicks. 2 : Palatal consonants|Click consonants |
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