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词条 Bayraktar Tactical UAS
释义

  1. System Configuration

  2. Digital Flight Control System

  3. Design

  4. Bayraktar TB2 UCAV

  5. Milestones

  6. Operational history

      Syria  

  7. Specifications (Block B)

      General Characteristics    Performance  

  8. Operators

  9. Image Gallery

  10. See also

  11. References

  12. External links

{{Infobox aircraft type|type=Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle and Unmanned combat air vehicle|national origin=Turkey|manufacturer=Kale-Baykar|designer=Baykar|first flight=2009|introduced=2014|retired=|status=In service|primary user=Turkish Armed Forces|Number built=75 [1]}}
The Bayraktar Tactical UAS is a surveillance and reconnaissance system initially developed for the Turkish Armed Forces. Bayraktar currently holds the national endurance and altitude record for Turkish aviation.[2][3] Bayraktar set a record for autonomous flight endurance when it flew 24 hours and 34 minutes at 18,000 feet on 5 August 2014. Bayraktar furthermore holds the altitude record with 27,030 feet on its flight on 14 June 2014 with full payload weight.[4]

Bayraktar TB2 successfully demonstrated firing of ROKETSAN MAM-L Smart Micro Munition with 100% precision in December 2015.[5]

Bayraktar is developed by the Kale-Baykar joint venture between the Kale Group and Baykar Technologies. In 2007, the Turkish Defense Undersecretariat (SSM) initiated a development program[6] and invited two companies to compete for a prototype demonstration phase of Tactical UAS Program. Bayraktar demonstrated Block A,[7] with its dual redundant avionics system in 2009 with a fully autonomous takeoff and landing capability and was selected as the winner of the program.[8][9] Bayraktar Block B design commenced in early 2012 with the second phase of the program, which covers development and serial production.

While the Turkish Armed Forces describes Bayraktar as "Tactical UAV Class" so as to prevent it from being a competitor to the TAI Anka UAV, international standards would classify it as a Medium Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) UAV Class.[10][11] With its 650 kg MTOW and 12 meters wingspan platform powered by an internal combustion engine, Bayraktar can fly up to 22,500 feet and loiter for more than 24 hours.

System Configuration

Each Tactical UAS is configured with six aerial vehicle platforms, two Ground Control Stations (GCS), three Ground Data Terminals (GDT), two Remote Video Terminals (RVT) and Ground Support Equipment. Each Aerial Platform is equipped with a triply redundant avionics system. Its ground control system's cross redundant architecture allows for pilot, payload operator and mission commander to command, control and monitor the platform.[11]

Digital Flight Control System

Bayraktar has a triple-redundant flight control system with autonomous taxi, takeoff, cruise, landing and parking capability without any external sensor aid. The flight control system is the central main component which conducts sensor fusion algorithms running with the real-time sensor data. Mission specific controls such are handled through the mission control computer system. Aerial platform is guided through various redundant rotary and linear type servo actuators which are designed according to the dynamics of the aerial platform. All of the main airborne avionics equipment software and hardware are developed under the running program so as to achieve utmost performance. Electronic power unit powers the onboard systems supported with triple alternators and smartly balanced lithium ion battery units. A ruggedized heated type camera unit is placed at the tail section of the platform to monitor flight and all payload and telemetry data are recorded to the airborne data recorder. Redundancy architecture of the avionics support for autonomous emergency landings on different airfields if necessary. Sensor fusion algorithms allow for navigation and auto landing even in loss global positioning signals.[12]

Design

Bayraktar Block B Platform has a blended wing body design with its inverse V-Tail structure. Blended wing body design supports the lifting performance of the overall platform. Thrust is generated through the internal combustion engine placed between the tail booms. Monocoque platform is modular with detachable main items such as wing, tail boom, and V-Tails. All of the fuselage items are mostly made of carbon fiber composite parts whereas precision CNC machined aluminum parts are used at the junction sections of the platform. Fuel is stored within bladder tanks and fuel consumption is automatically balanced with solenoid valves. Variable pitch two blade propeller allows for medium altitude efficient flying.

Ground Control Station is based on a NATO spec shelter unit which is equipped with cross redundant command and control systems. The mobile unit supports for three personnel pilot, payload operator and mission commander. GCS is equipped with redundant Air Conditioners and NBC filtering unit. All hardware inside the shelter is placed inside racked cabinets. Each operator has dual screens in front along with the Operator Interface Software used for real-time command, control and monitoring.[13]

Bayraktar TB2 UCAV

In June and August 2014 test flights, Bayraktar TB2 reached 27,000 feet altitude and stayed in air for 24 hours and 34 minutes. Bayraktar TB2 has wing span of 12 meters and max takeoff weight of 650 kg.

On 17 December 2015, missile system of Bayraktar TB2 UCAV was successfully tested. In the tests, long-range anti-tank missile UMTAS (diameter: 160 mm; target range: min 500 m, max 8 km) developed by Roketsan was used. Two UMTAS missiles (with each one 37.5 kg) were mounted to the both wings of Bayraktar TB2 UCAV. The 2x2m target panel was (with 100% accuracy and precision) hit from 8 km away and 16000 feet (about 5000m) altitude with laser guided UMTAS missile by the operator pilot in ground station. Thus, Turkey became the 6th country in the world that produces UCAV (USA: Predator, Reaper; China: CH-3 with short-range AR-1 missile; Israel: Hermes; Iran: Shahed 129 with Sadid-1 missile, Pakistan Burraq Ucav with Burq Missile).[14] On 18 December 2015, a video was published for the missile test of Bayraktar TB2.[15][16]

On 8 September 2016 the Bayraktar TB2 recorded its first kill, during an operation against the PKK.[17][18]

On 15 August 2018, Turkish Land Forces successfully used Bayraktar TB2 in a joint cross-border operation of the Turkish Armed Forces and the National Intelligence Organization of Turkey to kill the senior Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader and board member of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) İsmail Özden in Sinjar District, northwestern Iraq.

Milestones

  • Prototype development Phase 1 started in 2007.[19]
  • Bayraktar Block A with its 450 kg MTOW and 9 meter wing span made its maiden autonomous flight on 8 June 2009 at Kesan Airport, Turkey.[20]
  • Bayraktar Block A completed Phase 1 with day and night flight demonstrations successfully at Sinop Airport, Turkey in October 2009.[21][22]
  • Bayraktar Block A was chosen and officially declared as the winner of the competition against Vestel for the ongoing Tactical UAS Program by Defense Executive Committee of Turkey. Meeting was held on 6 January 2010.[23][24][25]
  • Phase 2 Development and Serial Production contract signed between SSM and Kale-Baykar Joint Venture in December 2011.
  • Phase 2 Development and Serial Production of Bayraktar Block B Program began in January 2012.
  • Bayraktar Block B made its first maiden flight at Kesan Airport, Turkey on 29 April 2014.[26]
  • Bayraktar Block B achieved national altitude record of 27,030 feet on 14 June 2014 on its test flight.[27][28]
  • Bayraktar Block B autonomously took off on 5 August 2014 15:36 and landed on 6 August 2014 16:10 with a total flight of 24 hours 34 minutes and achieved endurance record in Turkish Aviation on its test flight.[29][30][31]
  • Bayraktar Block B successfully completed first acceptance tests held on 17–22 November 2014.[32][33][34]
  • Bayraktar Block B accomplished its first flight with ADS-B System integrated on board.[35]
  • Bayraktar Block B was on live NTV TV Channel[36]
  • Bayraktar Block B 2nd system acceptance tests successfully completed on June 18, 2015 .[37][38][39]
  • Turkish Police orders 11 Bayraktar Block B platforms.[40]
  • Bayraktar TB2 completes 1000 cumulative flight hours on 9 December 2015.
  • Bayraktar TB2 successfully demonstrates firing of 22.5 kg Roketsan MAM-L Smart Munition with 100% precision.[41][42][43][44]
  • On 8 September 2016 the Bayraktar TB2 recorded its first kill, during an operation against the PKK.[17][18]
  • Turkish drone ‘Bayraktar’ guides Turkish security forces to kill six PKK terrorists[45]
  • Turkish drone 'Bayraktar' guides warplanes to destroy Daesh terrorist targets in north Syria operation[46]
  • Turkey's domestically-made armed drone starts patrolling the skies[47][48]
  • The 'Bayraktar TB2' completed 60,000 flight hours in September 2018, reaching the average monthly usage rate of 4,500 hours.[49]

Operational history

Syria

{{See also|Syrian Civil War|Turkish military intervention in Afrin}}

On February 12, 2018 The (SDF) Syrian Democratic Forces allegedly shot down a Turkish Bayraktar Tactical UAS that crashed near Quda, a small town in the Rajo district of Afrin near the Syria-Turkey border.[50]

Specifications (Block B)

General Characteristics

  • Length: 21.3 ft (6.5 m)
  • Wing Span: 39.3 ft (12 m)
  • Max Take Off Weight: 1433 lbs (650 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 x Rotax 912 Internal Combustion Engine with Injection, 100 Hp

Performance

  • Maximum Speed: 120 knots (222 km/hr)
  • Cruise Speed: 70 knots (129.64 km/hr)
  • Communication Range: 150 km
  • Service Ceiling: 27,000 Feet (about 8,200 m)
  • Endurance: 24 hours
  • Payload: 55 kg

Operators

{{TUR}}
  • Turkish Armed Forces operates 75 Bayraktars, 151 total planned.[51][52][53][54]
  • General Directorate of Security operates 6 Bayraktars[53]
  • Gendarmerie General Command operates 12 Bayraktars[53][55]
{{QAT}}
  • Reconnaissance and Surveillance Centre (RSC) signed a contract for the procurement of six Bayraktar unmanned aerial vehicles.[56]
{{UKR}}
  • Ukraine defense department confirmed that Ukraine has acquired Bayraktar unmanned combat aerial vehicles. The signing of the agreement was attended by Minister of Defense of Ukraine Stepan Poltorak, deputy secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Oleg Gladkovsky and chairman of the Ukroboronprom, Pavlo Bukin.[57] In January 2019, President of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, confirmed that Ukraine has signed a deal for 12 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs, worth $69 million, 6 of which will be delivered in a year together with 3 ground control station systems and equipment.[58][59] Ukraine received the first batch of UAVs in March 2019.[60]

Image Gallery

{{Empty section|date=March 2019}}

See also

  • Bayraktar Mini UAV

References

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58. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/12/ukraine-turkey-bayraktar-tb2-drones/|title=Ukraine signs agreement to procure Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones|date=2019-01-12|website=The Defense Post|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-15}}
59. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/01/12/ukraine-turkey-have-signed-deal-for-12-bayraktar-tb2-uavs-poroshenko-says|title=Ukraine, Turkey have signed deal for 12 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs, Poroshenko says|last=|first=|date=12 January 2019|website=Daily Sabah|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
60. ^{{cite web |last1=Sariibrahimoglu |first1=Lale |title=Ukraine receives Bayraktar armed UAVs from Turkey |url=https://www.janes.com/article/87135/ukraine-receives-bayraktar-armed-uavs-from-turkey |website=Jane's 360 |accessdate=11 March 2019 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20190311212735/https://www.janes.com/article/87135/ukraine-receives-bayraktar-armed-uavs-from-turkey |archivedate=11 March 2019 |location=Ankara |date=11 March 2019 |deadurl=no}}

}}

External links

{{Commons category|Kale-Baykar Bayraktar Tactical}}
  • Baykar Aerospace Industries
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tc6ukTdxt4&list=FLtJTJ8xPyfmx6BkbmeWcjGA Baykar Research Activities Documentary Video]
  • Bayraktar Block B Technical Brochure
  • Bayraktar Block B Preliminary Design Review Documentary / May 2012
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOvulJYd2Ts&list=FLtJTJ8xPyfmx6BkbmeWcjGA Bayraktar Block B Maiden Flight] / 29 April 2014
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svKfpHKW9ew Bayraktar Block B Endurance Record Flight] / 05-6 August 2014
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5Vwn3aRFpE&list=UUtJTJ8xPyfmx6BkbmeWcjGA Bayraktar Block B Altitude Record Flight] / 14 June 2014

5 : International unmanned aerial vehicles|Unmanned aerial vehicles of Turkey|Unmanned aerial vehicles|Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles|Unmanned military aircraft
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