| 词条 | Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco |
| 释义 |
| name =Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco | image = | imagesize = 180px | caption = | birthname = Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco | birth_date = {{Birth-date|August 4, 1713}} | birth_place =Valle de Carriedo of Cantabria, Spain | death_date = {{death-date and age|April 4, 1785|August 4, 1713}} | death_place =Santa Fe, New Mexico | occupation = cartographer | nationality = Spanish | signature = Fig8-22.gif | footnotes = }}Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco (4 August 1713 – 4[1] or 11[2] April 1785) was "perhaps the most prolific and important cartographer of New Spain"[3] as well as an artist, particularly as a Santero (wood-carver of religious images).[4] He has been called a polymath, being "proficient in astronomy, cartography, mathematics, geography, geology, geometry, military tactics, commerce, husbandry, oenology, metallurgy, languages, iconology, iconography, liturgy, painting, sculpture and drawing."[5] BiographyMiera was born in the Valle de Carriedo of Cantabria[2] Spain. The son of a captain of the Cantabrian Cavalry, he was trained as a military engineer.[2] Like many others, he emigrated to New Spain (in North and Central America). In 1741, he married Maria Estefania Domínguez de Mendoza in Chihuahua.[2] They would have two sons, Anacléto (Cléto) and Manuel.[2] In 1743, the family settled in El Paso.[6] A man of many talents, he was variously a merchant, a debt collector, a rancher and a military officer.[4] In the latter capacity, he served in five military campaigns.[3] In 1747, Captain Miera led a military detachment accompanying Padre Juan Menchero on the latter's attempt to convert the Navajo and resettle them around Mount Taylor[3] (formerly Ceboletta[2]). Though Menchero was unsuccessful, Miera produced the first map of the territory they traversed.[2] In 1749, he mapped the Rio Grande from El Paso downstream to its junction with the Rio Conchos.[2][4] He was also a painter and carver. Some of his works survive in churches and museums; the Church of Cristo Rey in Santa Fe has "his masterpiece, the Castrense altar screen".[4] In 1754[4] or 1756,[6] he moved his family to Santa Fe. He was appointed alcalde of the pueblos of Pecos and Galisteo[2][3] and participated in three campaigns against the Comanches.[6] When the Viceroy of New Spain ordered that his northern governors produce maps of their territories,[6] Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle, Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, turned to Miera.[2][3][6] They went out into the field on this endeavor from late June to 1 December 1757.[6] The influential map was completed by April 1758.[3][6] Miera would go on to make at least two other maps for Marín.[6] Miera was granted a league of land (about 4428 acres or 1792 hectares) around Ceboletta, which was subsequently reduced to 4107 acres or 1662 hectares.[2] He also served as cartographer for the 1776 Dominguez-Escalante Expedition. Miera was often at odds with the other leaders of the group, and was also frequently ill.[1] The expedition failed in its goal of finding a route north to Monterey, but Miera produced maps which would be invaluable to subsequent explorers.[2] In 1779, Miera accompanied Governor of New Mexico Juan Bautista de Anza on a punitive expedition against the Comanches, who had been raiding Taos.[2] As a result, he drew perhaps his last map, covering an area centered on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe up to the Arkansas River.[2] On 4 or 11 April 1785, Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco died in Santa Fe.[2] His wife, Estefania, had died less than a year and a half earlier, also in Santa Fe.[1] LegacyHis maps were examined by Alexander von Humboldt in 1803 to help prepare his own maps.[2] Humboldt in turn shared the information with American President Thomas Jefferson a year later, and Miera's work was copied by American mapmakers.[2] The original of his 1758 map disappeared some time after 1930 in Mexico City, but a copy was made in the 1970s from photographs of it.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://newmexicohistory.org/people/bernardo-de-miera-y-pacheco |title=Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco |publisher=New Mexico Office of the State Historian |accessdate=16 November 2013}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web |url=http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/6042/136/ |title=Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco |author=Fred Roeder |publisher=The American Surveyor |accessdate=3 November 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://atlas.nmhum.org/atlas.php?gmap=32 |title=Map which Don Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle, Governor and Captain General of this kingdom of New Mexico, ordered drawn : 1758, Atlas of Historic New Mexico Maps |publisher=New Mexico Humanities Council |accessdate=3 November 2013}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.santafe.com/article/museum-of-spanish-colonial-arts-showcases-18th-century-santero-and-cartogra |title=Museum of Spanish Colonial Arts Showcases 18th Century Santero and Cartographer |publisher=SantaFe.com |accessdate=3 November 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://media.museumofnewmexico.org/events.php?action=detail&eventID=1116 |title=Defining the Colonial World: Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco Explorer, Scientist, Santero and More |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Art |accessdate=November 16, 2013}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/app5.htm |title=Miera's 1758 Map of New Mexico |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=November 16, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715073859/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/app5.htm |archivedate=July 15, 2012 |df= }} Bibliography
External links
5 : 1713 births|1785 deaths|Spanish cartographers|Spanish artists|People of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico |
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