| 释义 |
- Astronomy
- Biology
- Cartography
- Computer science
- Earth sciences
- Medicine
- Physics
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
{{Year nav topic5|1946|science}}The year 1946 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy- January 10 – The United States Army Signal Corps' Project Diana bounces radar waves off the Moon.
- Reginald Aldworth Daly of Harvard University first proposes a giant impact hypothesis to account for formation of the moon.[1]
Biology- November 10 – Peter Scott opens the Slimbridge Wetland Reserve in England.
- Karl von Frisch publishes "Die Tänze der Bienen" ("The dances of the bees").[2]
- Edmund Jaeger discovers and later documents, in The Condor,[3] a state of extended torpor, approaching hibernation, in a bird, the common poorwill.[4]
Cartography- The Chamberlin trimetric projection is developed in 1946 by Wellman Chamberlin for the National Geographic Society.[5]
Computer science- February 14–15 – ENIAC, the first non-classified all-electronic Turing complete computer, built under the direction of J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, is announced and dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering.[6] It is programmable by plugboard and uses conditional branching.
- December 11 – Frederick Williams receives a patent for a random-access memory device.[7]
Earth sciences- Arthur Holmes estimates the age of the Earth, using uranium–lead dating.
Medicine- July 14 – Dr. Benjamin Spock's The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care is first published in New York; it becomes one of the biggest best-sellers of all time.[8]
- Harold Gillies begins to perform sex reassignment surgery on Michael Dillon, including the first female-to-male transsexual phalloplasty.[9]
- Chance Brothers of Smethwick, England, produce the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, allowing easy mass-sterilisation of components.
- Alfred Gilman, with Frederick S. Philips, first publish the results of trials of anti-cancer chemotherapy, using mechlorethamine, carried out with Louis S. Goodman.[10][11]
Physics- January 1 – Atomic Energy Research Establishment established at Harwell, Oxfordshire under John Cockcroft.
- May 21 – Manhattan Project physicist Louis Slotin accidentally triggers a fission reaction at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and gives himself a lethal dose of hard radiation, making him the second victim of a criticality accident in history.
- The BBGKY hierarchy of equations for s-particle distribution functions is applied to the derivation of kinetic equations by Nikolay Bogolyubov in a paper received in July 1945 and published in 1946 in Russian[12] and in English.[13] The related kinetic transport theory is considered by John Gamble Kirkwood in a paper[14] received in October 1945 and published in March 1946. The first paper by Max Born and Herbert S. Green considering a general kinetic theory of liquids is received in February 1946 and published on 31 December 1946.[15]
Awards- Nobel Prizes[16]
- Physics – Percy Williams Bridgman
- Chemistry – James B. Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley
- Medicine – Hermann Joseph Muller
Births- February 26 – Ahmed Zewail (died 2016), Egyptian-born "father of femtochemistry", recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- May 11 – Robert Jarvik, American co-inventor of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart
- June 13 – Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- June 24 – Ellison Onizuka (killed 1986), American astronaut
- July 2 – Richard Axel, American physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- August 2 – Nigel Hitchin, English mathematician
- August 5 – Shirley Ann Jackson, African American physicist
- August 11 – Marilyn vos Savant, American polymath
- September 7 – Francisco Varela (died 2001), Chilean-born biologist and philosopher
- September 8 – Aziz Sancar, Turkish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- September 28 – Morinobu Endo, Japanese chemist
- October 14 – Kay Redfield Jamison, American clinical psychologist
- October 17 – Carol Dweck, American social psychologist
- December 31 – Roy Porter (died 2002), English medical historian
- Faiza Al-Kharafi, Kuwaiti electrochemist
Deaths- March 8 – Frederick W. Lanchester (born 1868), English automotive engineer.
- March 23 – Gilbert N. Lewis (born 1875), American chemist; first to isolate deuterium.
- March 26 – Gerhard Heilman (born 1859), Danish paleo-ornithologist.
- May 2 – Simon Flexner (born 1863), American pathologist and bacteriologist.
- June 14 – John Logie Baird (born 1888), Scottish-born inventor.
- August 13 – H. G. Wells (born 1866), English novelist and scientific populariser.
- September 16 – James Jeans (born 1877), English mathematician and scientist.
- October 2 – Ignacy Mościcki (born 1867), chemist and President of Poland.
- October 4 – Barney Oldfield (born 1878), American automobile racer.
- December 2 – Hilda Lyon (born 1896), English aeronautical engineer.
- Israel Aharoni (born 1882), Russian-born Jewish zoologist.
References1. ^{{cite journal|title=Origin of the Moon and Its Topography|first=Reginald A.|last=Daly|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=90|issue=2|year=1946|pages=104–19|jstor=3301051}}
2. ^Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1: pp. 1–48.
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Jaeger|first=Edmund C.|title=Further Observations on the Hibernation of the Poor-will|journal=The Condor|date=May–June 1949|volume=51|series=3|pages=105–109|quote=Earlier I gave an account (Condor, 50, 1948:45) of the behavior of a Poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttallinii) which I found in a state of profound torpidity in the winter of 1946–47 in the Chuckawalla Mountains of the Colorado Desert, California.|jstor=1365104|issue=3|oclc=478309773|issn=0010-5422|doi=10.2307/1365104}} (photographs by Kenneth Middleham)
4. ^{{cite news|last=Hiltner|first=Nita|title=A Look Back|newspaper=The Press-Enterprise|location=Riverside, California|publisher=Enterprise Media|date=2011-02-20|url=http://www.pe.com/local-news/riverside-county/riverside/riverside-headlines-index/20110227-a-look-back.ece|accessdate=2011-11-15}}
5. ^{{cite book|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C.|title=The Round Earth on Flat Paper: Map Projections Used by Cartographers|year=1947|first=Wellman|last=Chamberlin|asin=B000WTCPXE}}
6. ^"1946." Britannica.
7. ^{{cite web|title=Computing timeline|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl|publisher=The Centre for Computing History|accessdate=2012-01-29}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-03-17/features/1998076006_1_spock-raising-children-parents/2|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|title=Echoes from the baby boom appreciation: for 50 years, parents turned to the book by Dr. Benjamin Spock for the most common-sense advice about raising children|first=Patricia|last=Meisol|date=17 March 1998|accessdate=2010-03-31}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html|title=Girls Will Be Boys|first=Mary|last=Roach|work=The New York Times|date=2007-03-18|accessdate=2007-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714071814/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html |archivedate=July 14, 2012|deadurl=no}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gilman|first1=Alfred|last2=Philips|first2=Frederick S.|title=The Biological Actions and Therapeutic Applications of the Β-Chloroethyl Amines and Sulfides|journal=Science|volume=103|issue=2675|pages=409–15, 436|date=5 April 1946|bibcode = 1946Sci...103..409G |doi = 10.1126/science.103.2675.409|pmid=17751251|jstor=1673195}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last=Gilman|first=Alfred|title=The Initial Clinical Trial of Nitrogen Mustard|journal= American Journal of Surgery|year=1963|volume=105|pages=574–578|pmid=13947966|doi=10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0|issue=5|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002961063902320|accessdate=2012-05-31}}
12. ^{{cite journal|first=N. N.|last=Bogoliubov|title=Kinetic Equations|journal=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics|volume=16|issue=8|pages=691–702|year=1946}}
13. ^{{cite journal|first=N. N.|last=Bogoliubov|title=Kinetic Equations|journal=Journal of Physics USSR|volume=10|issue=3|pages=265–274|year=1946}}
14. ^{{cite journal|first=John G.|last=Kirkwood|title=The Statistical Mechanical Theory of Transport Processes I. General Theory|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=14|issue=3|pages=180|date=March 1946|doi=10.1063/1.1724117|bibcode=1946JChPh..14..180K }}
15. ^{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Born|first2=H. S.|last2=Green|title=A General Kinetic Theory of Liquids I. The Molecular Distribution Functions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=188|pages=10–18|date=31 December 1946|url=|bibcode = 1946RSPSA.188...10B|doi = 10.1098/rspa.1946.0093}}
16. ^"Nobel Laureates 1946." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109135254/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/1946.html |date=2010-01-09 }} Nobelprize.
{{DEFAULTSORT:1946 In Science}} 3 : 1946 in science|20th century in science|1940s in science |